Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Transcription profiling of human alveolar macrophages from phenotypically normal smokers compared to non-smokers to identify new genes linking to early events in the molecular pathogenesis of COPD

ABSTRACT: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of the respiratory diseases collectively known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While the pathogenesis of COPD is complex, there is abundant evidence that alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important role. Based on the concept that COPD is a slow-progressing disorder likely involving multiple mediators released by AM activated by cigarette smoke, the present study focuses on the identification of previously unrecognized genes that may be linked to early events in the molecular pathogenesis of COPD, as opposed to factors associated with the presence of disease. To accomplish this, microarray analysis using Affymetrix microarrays was used to carry out an unbiased survey of the differences in gene expression profiles in the AM of phenotypically normal, ~20 pack-yr smokers compared to healthy non-smokers. Although smoking did not alter the global gene expression pattern of AM, 75 genes were modulated by smoking, with 40 genes up-regulated and 35 down-regulated in the AM of smokers compared to non-smokers. Most of these genes belong to the functional categories of immune/inflammatory response, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix, proteolysis and antiproteolysis, lysosomal function, antioxidant-related, signal transduction and regulation of transcription. Of these 75 genes, 69 have not been previously recognized to be up- or down-regulated in alveolar macrophages in association with smoking or COPD, including genes coding for proteins belonging to all of the above categories, and others belonging to various functional categories or of unknown function. These observations suggest that gene expression responses of alveolar macrophages associated with the stress of cigarette smoking are more complex than previously thought, and offer a variety of new insights into the complex pathogenesis of smoking-induced lung diseases. Experiment Overall Design: 5 non smokers and 5 smokers Experiment Overall Design: Alveolar macrophages were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Adriana Heguy

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-3212 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Gene expression profiling of human alveolar macrophages of phenotypically normal smokers and nonsmokers reveals a previously unrecognized subset of genes modulated by cigarette smoking.

Heguy Adriana A O'Connor Timothy P TP Luettich Karsta K Worgall Stefan S Cieciuch Adam A Harvey Ben-Gary BG Hackett Neil R NR Crystal Ronald G RG

Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 20060307 4

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of the respiratory diseases collectively known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While the pathogenesis of COPD is complex, there is abundant evidence that alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important role. Based on the concept that COPD is a slow-progressing disorder likely involving multiple mediators released by AM activated by cigarette smoke, the present study focuses on the identification of previously unrecognized genes that may be link ...[more]

PMID: 16520944

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Project description:Background: When exposed to specific stimuli, macrophages exhibit distinct activation programs, M1 and M2 polarization, that define macrophage function as inflammatory/immune effectors or anti-inflammatory/tissue remodeling cells, respectively. Due to their position on the lung epithelial surface, alveolar macrophages (AM) directly interact with environmental stimuli such as cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on the current paradigm that, in response to smoking, AM contribute to both inflammatory and tissue remodeling processes in the lung relevant to the pathogenesis of COPD, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to cigarette smoking activates both the M1 and M2 polarization programs in AM. Methods and Findings: To assess this hypothesis, global transcriptional profiling with TaqMan confirmation and flow cytometry analysis was carried out on AM obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of 24 healthy nonsmokers, 34 healthy smokers and 12 smokers with COPD to assess the expression of 41 M1 genes and 32 M2 genes in each group. Contrary to our expectations, while there was up-regulation of some genes typical for M2-related phenotypes, AM of healthy smokers exhibited substantial suppression of M1-related inflammatory/immune genes. These M1- and M2-related changes progressed with the development of smoking-induced lung disease, with AM of smokers with COPD exhibiting further down-regulation of M1-related genes accompanied with further up-regulation of some M2-related genes. Conclusion: The data demonstrates that the modifications of the AM transcriptome associated with smoking result in a unique phenotype characterized by reprogramming of AM towards M1-deactivated partially M2-polarized macrophages and suggests that, while AM likely contribute to smoking-induced tissue remodeling, the role of AM in the early pathogenesis of smoking-induced COPD in humans is not inflammatory. This concept is a departure from the conventional concept that AM-mediated inflammation participates in the early derangements of the lung induced by smoking, and suggests a novel paradigm for conceptualizing COPD and developing new approaches to prevent the development of smoking-induced lung disease. Comparison of gene expression in alveolar macrophages of normal non-smokers and normal smokers and smokers with COPD

Project description:Disparate Oxidant-related Gene Expression of Human Small Airway Epithelium Compared to Autologous Alveolar Macrophages in Response to the In Vivo Oxidant Stress of Cigarette Smoking The oxidant burden of cigarette smoking induces lung cell dysfunction, and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of lung disease. Two cell populations directly exposed to the oxidants in cigarette smoke are the small airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Of these, the epithelium appears to be more vulnerable to smoking, becoming disordered in differentiation, repair and function, while alveolar macrophages become activated, without becoming diseased. In this context, we asked: for the same individuals, what is the baseline trancriptome of oxidant-related genes in small airway epithelium compared to alveolar macrophages and do the responses of the transcriptome of these 2 cell populations differ substantially to inhaled cigarette smoke? To address these questions we used microarray gene expression and TaqMan analysis to assess the gene expression profile of known oxidant-related genes in paired samples recovered by bronchoscopy from small airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages from the same healthy nonsmokers and normal smokers. Of the 155 oxidant-related genes surveyed, 122 (77%) were expressed in both cell populations in nonsmokers. However, of the genes expressed by both cell populations, oxidant related gene expression levels were higher in alveolar macrophages (67 genes, 43%) than small airway epithelium (37 genes, 24%). There were more oxidant-related genes uniquely expressed in the small airway epithelium (17%), than in alveolar macrophages (5%). In healthy smokers, the majority of oxidant-related genes were expressed in both cell populations, but there were marked differences in the numbers of oxidant-related genes that smoking up- or down-regulated. While smoking up-regulated 15 genes (10%) and down-regulated 7 genes (5%) in the small airway epithelium, smoking had far less effect on alveolar macrophages [only 4 (3%) genes up-regulated, and only 1 (0.6%) down-regulated]. Only a small number of smoking responsive oxidant-related genes overlapped between the two cell types (2 up-regulated, and no down-regulated genes). Consistent with this observation, pathway analysis of smoking-responsive genes in the small airway epithelium showed oxidant-related pathways dominated, but in alveolar macrophages immune-response pathways dominated. Thus, the responses of the oxidant-related transcriptome of cells with an identical genome and exposed to the same oxidant stress of cigarette smoking are very different, with responses of oxidant-related genes of alveolar macrophages far more subdued than that of small airway epithelium, consistent with the clinical observation that, while the small airway epithelium is vulnerable, alveolar macrophages are not "diseased" in response to the oxidant stress of cigarette smoking. Gene expression profiles of known oxidant-related genes in paired samples recovered by bronchoscopy from small airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages from the same healthy nonsmokers and normal smokers.

Project description:Despite overwhelming data that cigarette smoking causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), only a minority of chronic smokers are affected, strongly suggesting that genetic factors modify susceptibility to this disease. We hypothesized that there are individual variations in the response to cigarette smoking, with variability among smokers in expression levels of protective / susceptibility genes. Affymetrix arrays and TaqMan PCR were used to assess the variability of gene expression in the small airway epithelium obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy of 18 normal non-smokers, 18 normal smokers and 18 smokers with COPD. We identified 201 probesets representing 150 smoking-responsive genes that were significantly up- or down-regulated, and assessed the coefficient of variation in expression levels among the study population. Variation was a reproducible property of each gene as assessed by different microarray probesets and realtime PCR and was observed in both normal smokers and smokers with COPD. There was greater individual variability in smokers with COPD than in normal smokers. The majority of these highly variable smoking responsive genes were in the functional categories of signal transduction, xenobiotic degradation, metabolism, transport, oxidant-related and transcription. A similar pattern of the same highly variable genes was observed in an independent data set.We propose that there is likely genetic diversity within this subset of genes with highly variable individual to individual responses of the small airway epithelium to smoking, and this subset of genes represent putative candidates for assessment of susceptibility/protection from disease for future gene-based epidemiological studies for the risk of smokers for COPD. Experiment Overall Design: Affymetrix arrays and TaqMan PCR were used to assess the variability of gene expression in the small airway epithelium obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy of 18 normal non-smokers, 18 normal smokers and 18 smokers with COPD.

Dataset Information

Transcription profiling of human alveolar macrophages from phenotypically normal smokers compared to non-smokers to identify new genes linking to early events in the molecular pathogenesis of COPD

Publications

Gene expression profiling of human alveolar macrophages of phenotypically normal smokers and nonsmokers reveals a previously unrecognized subset of genes modulated by cigarette smoking.

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