Base-resolution maps of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine reveal genome-wide DNA demethylation dynamics
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
SUBMITTER: Dali Han
PROVIDER: E-GEOD-56429 | biostudies-arrayexpress |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress
Publications
Base-resolution maps of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine reveal genome-wide DNA demethylation dynamics.
Lu Xingyu X Han Dali D Zhao Boxuan Simen BS Song Chun-Xiao CX Zhang Li-Sheng LS Doré Louis C LC He Chuan C
Cell research 20150116 3
Similar Datasets
Project description:TET proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC and 5caC are excised by mammalian DNA glycosylase TDG, implicating 5mC oxidation in DNA demethylation. Here we show that the genomic locations of 5fC can be determined by coupling chemical reduction with biotin tagging. Genome-wide mapping of 5fC in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) reveals that 5fC preferentially occurs at poised enhancers among other gene regulatory elements. Application to Tdg null mESCs further suggests that 5fC production coordinates with p300 in remodeling epigenetic states of enhancers. This process, which is not influenced by 5hmC, appears to be associated with further oxidation of 5hmC and commitment to demethylation through 5fC. Finally, we resolved 5fC at base-resolution by hydroxylamine-based protection from bisulfite-mediated deamination, thereby confirming sites of 5fC accumulation. Our results reveal roles of active 5mC/5hmC oxidation and TDG-mediated demethylation in epigenetic tuning at regulatory elements. We report here a chemical labeling method that effectively differentiates 5fC from 5mC, 5hmC, and 5caC in genomic DNA. First, we quantitatively protect endogenous 5hmC with a regular glucose using b-glucosytransferase-catalyzed 5hmC glucosylation. Then, we selectively reduce 5fC with NaBH4 to 5hmC, and chemically label the resulting 5hmC (from 5fC) with an azide-modified glucose. Biotin can be installed subsequently for specific enrichment of 5fC. Our method thereby provides an effective tool of general utility for the genomic localization of 5fC. Here we provide genome-wide profiles of 5hmC, 5fC, and p300 in Tdg fl/fl and Tdg-/- mESCs as well as a 5fC control (Non-NaBH4) and polyA RNA-Seq expression data. Genome-wide profiles of 5hmC and 5fC in mESCs differentiated to embryoid bodies are also included. We also report the development and application of a single-base resolution method for the detection of 5fC in genomic DNA by hydroylamine mediated protection of 5fC from deamination during bisulfite treatment, or 5fC Chemical Assisted Bisulfite Sequencing (fCAB-Seq). We applied this method in parallel with conventional ChIP-Methyl-Seq to H3K4me1 ChIP enriched DNA from Tdg fl/fl and Tdg-/- mice.
2013-04-18 | E-GEOD-41545 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of DNA dioxygenases converts 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5- carboxylcytosine (5caC) through iterative oxidation reactions. While 5mC and 5hmC are relatively abundant, 5fC and 5caC are at very low levels in the mammalian genome. Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and base excision repair (BER) pathways can actively remove 5fC/5caC to regenerate unmethylated cytosine, but it is unclear to what extent and at which part of the genome such active demethylation processes take place. Here, we have performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of 5mC/5hmC/5fC/5caC- enriched DNA using modification-specific antibodies and generated genome-wide distribution maps of these cytosine modifications in wild-type and Tdg-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We observe that the steady state 5fC and 5caC are preferentially detected at repetitive sequences in wild-type mouse ESCs. Depletion of TDG causes marked accumulation of 5fC and 5caC at a large number of distal gene regulatory elements and transcriptionally repressed/poised gene promoters, suggesting that Tet/TDG-dependent dynamic cycling of 5mC oxidation states may be involved in regulating the function of these regions. Thus, comprehensive mapping of 5mC oxidation and BER pathway activity in the mammalian genome provides a promising approach for better understanding of biological roles of DNA methylation and demethylation dynamics in development and diseases. In this dataset, we include the DIP-seq data of 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC in both control and Tdg knockdown mouse embryonic stem cells.
2013-04-18 | E-GEOD-46111 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Active DNA demethylation in mammals involves TET-mediated iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC)/5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and subsequent excision repair of highly oxidized cytosine bases 5-formylcytosine (5fC)/5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) by Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG). However, quantitative and high-resolution analysis of active DNA demethylation activity remains challenging. Here we describe M.SssI methylase-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-seq), a method that directly maps 5fC/5caC at single-base resolution. Genome-wide MAB-seq allows systematic identification of 5fC/5caC in Tdg-depleted embryonic stem cells, thereby generating a base-resolution map of active DNA demethylome. A comparison of 5fC/5caC and 5hmC distribution maps indicates that catalytic processivity of TET enzymes correlates with local chromatin accessibility. MAB-seq also reveals strong strand asymmetry of active demethylation within palindromic CpGs. Integrating MAB-seq with other base-resolution mapping methods enables quantitative measurement of cytosine modification states at key transitioning steps of active demethylation pathway, and reveals a regulatory role of 5fC/5caC excision repair in active DNA demethylation cascade. Analysis of 5fC/5caC excision repair-dependent active DNA demethylome by MAB-seq in mouse embryonic stem cells.
2014-11-02 | E-GEOD-62631 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of DNA dioxygenases converts 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5- carboxylcytosine (5caC) through iterative oxidation reactions. While 5mC and 5hmC are relatively abundant, 5fC and 5caC are at very low levels in the mammalian genome. Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and base excision repair (BER) pathways can actively remove 5fC/5caC to regenerate unmethylated cytosine, but it is unclear to what extent and at which part of the genome such active demethylation processes take place. Here, we have performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of 5mC/5hmC/5fC/5caC- enriched DNA using modification-specific antibodies and generated genome-wide distribution maps of these cytosine modifications in wild-type and Tdg-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We observe that the steady state 5fC and 5caC are preferentially detected at repetitive sequences in wild-type mouse ESCs. Depletion of TDG causes marked accumulation of 5fC and 5caC at a large number of distal gene regulatory elements and transcriptionally repressed/poised gene promoters, suggesting that Tet/TDG-dependent dynamic cycling of 5mC oxidation states may be involved in regulating the function of these regions. Thus, comprehensive mapping of 5mC oxidation and BER pathway activity in the mammalian genome provides a promising approach for better understanding of biological roles of DNA methylation and demethylation dynamics in development and diseases. Gene expression comparison of control and Tdg knockdown mouse embryonic stem cells.
2013-04-18 | E-GEOD-46112 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of DNA dioxygenases converts 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5- carboxylcytosine (5caC) through iterative oxidation reactions. While 5mC and 5hmC are relatively abundant, 5fC and 5caC are at very low levels in the mammalian genome. Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and base excision repair (BER) pathways can actively remove 5fC/5caC to regenerate unmethylated cytosine, but it is unclear to what extent and at which part of the genome such active demethylation processes take place. Here, we have performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of 5mC/5hmC/5fC/5caC- enriched DNA using modification-specific antibodies and generated genome-wide distribution maps of these cytosine modifications in wild-type and Tdg-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We observe that the steady state 5fC and 5caC are preferentially detected at repetitive sequences in wild-type mouse ESCs. Depletion of TDG causes marked accumulation of 5fC and 5caC at a large number of distal gene regulatory elements and transcriptionally repressed/poised gene promoters, suggesting that Tet/TDG-dependent dynamic cycling of 5mC oxidation states may be involved in regulating the function of these regions. Thus, comprehensive mapping of 5mC oxidation and BER pathway activity in the mammalian genome provides a promising approach for better understanding of biological roles of DNA methylation and demethylation dynamics in development and diseases. Refer to individual Series
2013-04-18 | E-GEOD-42250 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:DNA methylation is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and is necessary for a correct embryonic development. On the other hand, the DNA demethylation is mediated by the Ten Eleven Translocation (Tet) proteins through oxidation of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC) and 5-carboxyl (5caC) cytosine, and by the Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) that excises the 5fC and 5caC. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), gene promoters are maintained in an hypomethylated state, but the dynamics of this phenomenon still remains unknown. Here we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-Seq) that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measuring of their relative abundance. Application of this method to mouse ESCs exposed the presence of 5fcaC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of the expressed genes, revealing an active DNA demethylation mechanism since the loss of TDG leads to an increase of 5fC/5caC. We also show that TDG is actually bound on these regions and that co-localizes and interacts with Tet1. We moreover demonstrate, by reduced representation of bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), that active promoters are actually demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism and that Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are responsible of this DNA methylation. Our work shows the whole-genome map of 5fC and 5caC at single base resolution in ESCs, it demonstrates in detail the DNA methylation dynamics occurring on expressed gene promoters and identifies the key players of this mechanism. Furthermore, we provide a new tool (MAB-Seq) that can be broadly used in all biological contexts for epigenetics study involving identification and quantification of 5fC and 5caC at single base resolution. Methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-Seq) of E14 embryonic stem cells (ESCs), Biotag ChIP-Seq of Tdg and Reduced representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) in E14 ESCs.
2015-02-10 | E-GEOD-55659 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:DNA methylation is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and is necessary for a correct embryonic development. On the other hand, the DNA demethylation is mediated by the Ten Eleven Translocation (Tet) proteins through oxidation of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC) and 5-carboxyl (5caC) cytosine, and by the Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) that excises the 5fC and 5caC. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), gene promoters are maintained in an hypomethylated state, but the dynamics of this phenomenon still remains unknown. Here we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-Seq) that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measuring of their relative abundance. Application of this method to mouse ESCs exposed the presence of 5fcaC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of the expressed genes, revealing an active DNA demethylation mechanism since the loss of TDG leads to an increase of 5fC/5caC. We also show that TDG is actually bound on these regions and that co-localizes and interacts with Tet1. We moreover demonstrate, by reduced representation of bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), that active promoters are actually demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism and that Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are responsible of this DNA methylation. Our work shows the whole-genome map of 5fC and 5caC at single base resolution in ESCs, it demonstrates in detail the DNA methylation dynamics occurring on expressed gene promoters and identifies the key players of this mechanism. Furthermore, we provide a new tool (MAB-Seq) that can be broadly used in all biological contexts for epigenetics study involving identification and quantification of 5fC and 5caC at single base resolution. Methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-Seq) of E14 embryonic stem cells (ESCs), Biotag ChIP-Seq of Tdg and Reduced representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) in E14 ESCs.
2015-02-10 | E-GEOD-55658 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Methylation of cytosine in DNA (5mC) is an important epigenetic mark that is involved in the regulation of genome function. During early embryonic development in mammals, the DNA methylation landscape is dynamically reprogrammed in part through active demethylation. Recent advances have identified key players involved in active demethylation pathways, including oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) by the TET family of enzymes and excision of 5fC by the base excision repair enzyme thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG). Here, we provide the first genome-wide distribution map of 5fC in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and evaluate potential roles for 5fC in differentiation. Our method exploits the unique reactivity of 5fC to link a biotin tag for pulldown and high-throughput sequencing. Genome-wide mapping revealed 5fC enrichment in CpG islands (CGIs) of promoters and exons. CGI promoters in which 5fC was relatively more enriched than 5mC or 5hmC corresponded to transcriptionally active genes. Accordingly, 5fC-rich promoters had elevated H3K4me3 levels, a histone mark associated with active transcription, and were frequently bound by RNA Polymerase II. Downregulation of TDG led to accumulation of 5fC in CGIs in ES cells, which correlates with increased methylation in these genomic regions during differentiation and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from TDG knockout embryos. Collectively, our data suggest that 5fC plays a role in epigenetic reprogramming. The formation and removal of this cytosine modification are confined to specific genomic regions, which are in part controlled by TDG. Notably, 5fC excision in ES cells is necessary for the correct establishment of CGI methylation patterns during differentiation, and hence, for appropriate patterns of gene expression during development. We devised a method to map 5-formylcytosine (5fC) by linking a biotin tag to 5fC for pulldown and high-throughput sequencing. We mapped 5fC in the following samples of mouse embryonic stem cells (J1): Wild-type ES cells (two replicates); ES cells transfected with siRNA targeting TDG (two replicates); ES cells transfected with non-targeting siRNA (two replicates). One genomic input library was also sequenced to detect and correct biases in fragment enrichment.
2012-08-17 | E-GEOD-40148 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:DNA methylation is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and is necessary for a correct embryonic development. On the other hand, the DNA demethylation is mediated by the Ten Eleven Translocation (Tet) proteins through oxidation of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC) and 5-carboxyl (5caC) cytosine, and by the Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) that excises the 5fC and 5caC. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), gene promoters are maintained in an hypomethylated state, but the dynamics of this phenomenon still remains unknown. Here we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-Seq) that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measuring of their relative abundance. Application of this method to mouse ESCs exposed the presence of 5fcaC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of the expressed genes, revealing an active DNA demethylation mechanism since the loss of TDG leads to an increase of 5fC/5caC. We also show that TDG is actually bound on these regions and that co-localizes and interacts with Tet1. We moreover demonstrate, by reduced representation of bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), that active promoters are actually demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism and that Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are responsible of this DNA methylation. Our work shows the whole-genome map of 5fC and 5caC at single base resolution in ESCs, it demonstrates in detail the DNA methylation dynamics occurring on expressed gene promoters and identifies the key players of this mechanism. Furthermore, we provide a new tool (MAB-Seq) that can be broadly used in all biological contexts for epigenetics study involving identification and quantification of 5fC and 5caC at single base resolution. Methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-Seq) of E14 embryonic stem cells (ESCs), Biotag ChIP-Seq of Tdg and Reduced representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) in E14 ESCs.
2015-02-10 | E-GEOD-55657 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of DNA dioxygenases converts 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5- carboxylcytosine (5caC) through iterative oxidation reactions. While 5mC and 5hmC are relatively abundant, 5fC and 5caC are at very low levels in the mammalian genome. Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and base excision repair (BER) pathways can actively remove 5fC/5caC to regenerate unmethylated cytosine, but it is unclear to what extent and at which part of the genome such active demethylation processes take place. Here, we have performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of 5mC/5hmC/5fC/5caC- enriched DNA using modification-specific antibodies and generated genome-wide distribution maps of these cytosine modifications in wild-type and Tdg-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We observe that the steady state 5fC and 5caC are preferentially detected at repetitive sequences in wild-type mouse ESCs. Depletion of TDG causes marked accumulation of 5fC and 5caC at a large number of distal gene regulatory elements and transcriptionally repressed/poised gene promoters, suggesting that Tet/TDG-dependent dynamic cycling of 5mC oxidation states may be involved in regulating the function of these regions. Thus, comprehensive mapping of 5mC oxidation and BER pathway activity in the mammalian genome provides a promising approach for better understanding of biological roles of DNA methylation and demethylation dynamics in development and diseases.
2013-04-18 | GSE46112 | GEO