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Regulation of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation by 3’ end processing and splicing factors

ABSTRACT: Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) results in mRNA isoforms containing different 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs) and/or coding sequences. How core cleavage and polyadenylation (C/P) factors regulate APA is not well understood. Using siRNA knockdown coupled with deep sequencing, we found that several C/P factors can play significant roles in 3’UTR-APA. Whereas Pcf11 and Fip1 enhance usage of proximal poly(A) sites (pAs), CFI-25/68, PABPN1, and PABPC1 promote usage of distal pAs. Strong cis element biases were found for pAs regulated by CFI or Fip1, and the distance between pAs plays an important role in APA regulation. In addition, intronic pAs are substantially regulated by splicing factors, with U1 mostly influencing C/P events in 5’ introns and U2 impacting those in efficiently spliced introns. Furthermore, PABPN1 regulates expression of transcripts with pAs near the transcription start site, a property possibly related to its role in RNA degradation. Finally, we found that groups of APA events regulated by C/P factors are also modulated in cell differentiation and development with distinct trends. Together, our results indicate that the abundance of different C/P factors and splicing factors plays diverse roles in APA, and is relevant to APA regulation in biological conditions. knockdown experiments of 23 C/P factors, 3 splicing factors and U1D in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Wencheng Li

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-62001 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Regulation of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation by 3’ end processing and splicing factors

Project description:Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) results in mRNA isoforms containing different 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs) and/or coding sequences. How core cleavage and polyadenylation (C/P) factors regulate APA is not well understood. Using siRNA knockdown coupled with deep sequencing, we found that several C/P factors can play significant roles in 3’UTR-APA. Whereas Pcf11 and Fip1 enhance usage of proximal poly(A) sites (pAs), CFI-25/68, PABPN1, and PABPC1 promote usage of distal pAs. Strong cis element biases were found for pAs regulated by CFI or Fip1, and the distance between pAs plays an important role in APA regulation. In addition, intronic pAs are substantially regulated by splicing factors, with U1 mostly influencing C/P events in 5’ introns and U2 impacting those in efficiently spliced introns. Furthermore, PABPN1 regulates expression of transcripts with pAs near the transcription start site, a property possibly related to its role in RNA degradation. Finally, we found that groups of APA events regulated by C/P factors are also modulated in cell differentiation and development with distinct trends. Together, our results indicate that the abundance of different C/P factors and splicing factors plays diverse roles in APA, and is relevant to APA regulation in biological conditions.

2015-04-01 | GSE62001 | GEO

Analysis of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation by 3' region extraction and deep sequencing

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SRSF7 and SRSF3 affectSRSF7 and SRSF3 affect 3’UTR length in opposite directions by controlling proximal poly(A)-site usage and CFIm levels 3’UTR length in opposite directions by controlling proximal poly(A)-site usage and CFIm levels

Project description:Alternative polyadenylation (APA) refers to the regulated selection of polyadenylation sites (PASs) in transcripts, which affects the length of their 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs). APA regulates stage- and tissue-specific gene expression by affecting the stability, subcellular localization or translation rate of transcripts. We have recently shown that SRSF3 and SRSF7, two closely related SR proteins, link APA to mRNA export. However, the underlying mechanism for APA regulation by SRSF3 and SRSF7 remained unknown. Here, we combined iCLIP and 3’-end sequencing to find that both proteins bind upstream of proximal PAS (pPAS), but exert opposing effects on 3’UTR length. We show that SRSF7 enhances pPAS usage in a splicing-independent and concentration-dependent manner by recruiting the cleavage factor FIP1, thereby generating short 3’UTRs. SRSF7-specific domains that are absent in SRSF3 are necessary and sufficient for FIP1 recruitment. SRSF3 promotes long 3’UTRs by maintaining high levels of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) via alternative splicing. Using iCLIP, we show that CFIm binds before and after the pPASs of SRSF3 targets, which masks them and inhibits polyadenylation. In the absence of SRSF3, CFIm levels are strongly reduced, which exposes the pPASs and leads to shorter 3’UTRs. Conversely, during cellular differentiation, 3’UTRs are massively extended, while the levels of SRSF7 and FIP1 strongly decline. Altogether, our data suggest that SRSF7 acts as a sequence-specific enhancer of pPASs, while SRSF3 inhibits pPAS usage by controlling CFIm levels. Our data shed light on a long-standing puzzle of how one factor (CFIm) can inhibit and enhance PAS usage.

2021-09-09 | PXD018090 | Pride

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2021-01-28 | GSE151721 | GEO

Transcriptome-wide mapping of RNA:protein interactions of CPSF5 and FIP1 in P19 cells by iCLIP

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RNA polyadenylation landscape in human and mouse cells

Project description:Alternative polyadenylation (APA) of mRNAs has emerged as an important mechanism for post-transcriptional gene regulation in higher eukaryotes. Although microarrays have recently been used to characterize APA globally, they have a number of serious limitations that prevents comprehensive and highly quantitative analysis. To better characterize APA and its regulation, we have developed a deep sequencing-based method called Poly(A) Site Sequencing (PAS-Seq) for quantitatively profiling RNA polyadenylation at the transcriptome level. PAS-Seq not only accurately and comprehensively identifies poly(A) junctions in mRNAs and noncoding RNAs, but also provides quantitative information on the relative abundance of polyadenylated RNAs. We first analyzed HeLa cell transcriptome using PAS-Seq to demonstrate that PAS-Seq not only accurately and comprehensively identifies poly(A) junctions, but also provide quantitative information on the relativel abundance of APA isoforms. Next we analyzed the mouse embryonic stem cells, neural stem/progenitor cells, and neurons by PAS-Seq to characterize the dynamic changes of mRNA polyadenylation during stem cell differentiation.

2011-02-26 | E-GEOD-25450 | biostudies-arrayexpress

3âREADS+, a sensitive and accurate method for 3â end sequencing of polyadenylated RNA

Project description:Sequencing of the 3â end of poly(A)+ RNA identifies cleavage and polyadenylation sites (pAs) and measures transcript expression. We previously developed a method, 3â region extraction and deep sequencing (3âREADS), to address mispriming issues that often plague 3â end sequencing. Here we report a new version, named 3âREADS+, which has vastly improved accuracy and sensitivity. Using a special locked nucleic acid oligo to capture poly(A)+ RNA and to remove bulk of the poly(A) tail, 3âREADS+ generates RNA fragments with an optimal number of terminal As that balance data quality and detection of genuine pAs. With improved RNA ligation steps for efficiency, the method shows much higher sensitivity (over two orders of magnitude) compared to the previous version. Using 3âREADS+, we have uncovered a sizable fraction of previously overlooked pAs located next to or within a stretch of adenylate residues in human genes, and more accurately assessed the frequency of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) in HeLa cells (~50%). 3âREADS+ will be a useful tool to accurately study APA and to analyze gene expression by 3â end counting, especially when the amount of input total RNA is limited. Nine 3'READS+ libraries were made with different amounts (100 ng, 200 ng, 400 ng, 1000 ng, 5000 ng, 15000 ng) of input Hela RNA.

2016-08-14 | E-GEOD-84170 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Pabpn1-driven cytoskeletal rearrangement induces muscle wasting

Project description:Poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) is a multifunctional regulator of mRNA processing. PABPN1 inhibits alternative polyadenylation (APA), and in conditions with reduced PABPN1 levels APA utilization causes genome-wide mRNA dysregulation. PABPN1 levels decline from midlife onwards in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) and in aged muscles. Reduced PABPN1 levels cause muscle atrophy by altering mRNA levels of the ubiquitin proteasome system. The effect of PABPN1-mediated APA utilization on the proteome has not been investigated yet. We report the PABPN1-mediated proteome in Tibialis anterior (TA) mouse muscles, signifying functional impact for the mitochondria, cytoskeleton and translation cellular machineries. Central nucleation and split myofibers marked PABPN1-derived muscle histology. We show that up-regulation of the cytoskeletal proteins: Murc, Pfn1 and Csrp3, is highly associated with PABPN1-mediated muscle pathology and with reduced PABPN1 levels. Elevation of PABPN1 levels by sirtinol treatment reversed muscle pathology and restored levels of those cytoskeletal proteins. We suggest that restoration of PABPN1 levels in aged muscles could be a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate muscle waste.

2020-07-06 | PXD004865 | Pride

Paf1C plays novel subunit-specific roles in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation

Project description:The PAF complex (Paf1C) has been shown to regulate chromatin modifications, gene transcription, and PolII elongation. Here, we provide the first genome-wide analysis of chromatin occupancy by the entire PAF complex in mammalian cells. We show that Paf1C is recruited not only to promoters and gene bodies, but also to regions downstream of cleavage/polyadenylation (pA) sites at 3â ends, a profile that sharply contrasted with the yeast complex. Remarkably, our studies identified novel, subunit-specific links between Paf1C and regulation of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) and upstream antisense transcription. Moreover, we found that depletion of Paf1C subunits also resulted in the accumulation of RNA polymerase II (PolII) over gene bodies, which coincided with APA. Depletion of specific Paf1C subunits leads to global loss of histone H2B ubiquitylation, but surprisingly, there is little impact of Paf1C depletion on other histone modifications, including the tri-methylation of histone H3 on lysines 4 and 36 (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3), previously associated with this complex. Our results provide surprising differences with yeast, while unifying observations that link Paf1C with PolII elongation and RNA processing, and suggest that Paf1C could play a role in protecting transcripts from premature cleavage by preventing PolII accumulation at TSS-proximal pA sites. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and 3'READS of Paf1C factors in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells

2016-01-15 | E-GEOD-72574 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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