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Human Promoters Are Intrinsically Directional

ABSTRACT: Divergent transcription, in which reverse-oriented transcripts occur upstream of eukaryotic promoters in regions devoid of annotated genes, has been suggested to be a general property of active promoters. Here we show that the human basal RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery and core promoter are inherently unidirectional, and that reverse-oriented transcripts originate from their own cognate reverse-directed core promoters. In vitro transcription analysis and mapping of nascent transcripts in cells revealed that core promoters are unidirectional and that sequences at reverse start sites are similar to those of their forward counterparts. The use of DNase I accessibility to define proximal promoter borders revealed that about half of promoters are unidirectional and that these unidirectional promoters are depleted at their upstream edges of reverse core promoter sequences and their associated chromatin features. Divergent transcription is thus not an inherent property of the transcription process, but rather the consequence of the presence of both forward- and reverse-directed core promoters. Using 5'-GRO-seq and GRO-seq to determine mechanisms of divergent transcription initiation

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Scott Lacadie

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-63872 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Human Promoters Are Intrinsically Directional

Project description:Divergent transcription, in which reverse-oriented transcripts occur upstream of eukaryotic promoters in regions devoid of annotated genes, has been suggested to be a general property of active promoters. Here we show that the human basal RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery and core promoter are inherently unidirectional, and that reverse-oriented transcripts originate from their own cognate reverse-directed core promoters. In vitro transcription analysis and mapping of nascent transcripts in cells revealed that core promoters are unidirectional and that sequences at reverse start sites are similar to those of their forward counterparts. The use of DNase I accessibility to define proximal promoter borders revealed that about half of promoters are unidirectional and that these unidirectional promoters are depleted at their upstream edges of reverse core promoter sequences and their associated chromatin features. Divergent transcription is thus not an inherent property of the transcription process, but rather the consequence of the presence of both forward- and reverse-directed core promoters.

2015-01-16 | GSE63872 | GEO

Principles for RNA metabolism and alternative transcription initiation within closely spaced promoters

Project description:Mammalian transcriptomes are complex and formed by extensive promoter activity. Moreover, gene promoters are largely divergent and initiate transcription of reverse-oriented promoter upstream transcripts (PROMPTs). Although PROMPTs are commonly terminated early, influenced by early polyadenylation (pA) sites, promoters often cluster so that the divergent activity of one might impact another. Here, we find that the distance between promoters strongly correlates with the expression, stability and length of their associated PROMPTs. Adjacent promoters driving divergent mRNA transcription support PROMPT formation, but due to pA site constraints, these transcripts tend to spread into the neighboring mRNA on the same strand. This mechanism to derive new alternative mRNA transcription start sites (TSSs) is also evident at closely spaced promoters supporting convergent mRNA transcription. We suggest that basic building blocks of divergently transcribed core promoter pairs, in combination with the wealth of TSSs in mammalian genomes, provides a framework with which evolution shapes transcriptomes. Mapping of paired 5â?? and 3â??ends of capped and polyadenylated RNAs from RRP40-depleted and eGFP control HeLa cells and using transcript isoform sequencing (TIF-Seq, see Pelechano et al. Nat Protoc 2014 (PMID: 24967623) and Pelechano et al. Nature 2013 (PMID: 23615609)).

2016-05-13 | E-GEOD-75183 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Rev-Erbs repress macrophage gene expression by inhibiting enhancer-directed transcription

Project description:Rev-Erba and Rev-Erbb are nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of genes involved in the control of circadian rhythm, metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Rev-Erbs function as transcriptional repressors by recruiting NCoR/HDAC3 co-repressor complexes to Rev-Erb response elements in enhancers and promoters of target genes, but the molecular basis for cell-specific programs of repression is not known. Here, we present evidence that in macrophages, Rev-Erbs regulate target gene expression by inhibiting the functions of distal enhancers that are selected by macrophage lineage-determining factors, thereby establishing a macrophage-specific program of repression. Remarkably, the repressive functions of Rev-Erbs are associated with their ability to inhibit the transcription of enhancer-derived RNAs (eRNAs). Furthermore, targeted degradation of eRNAs at two enhancers subject to negative regulation by Rev-Erbs resulted in reduced expression of nearby mRNAs, implying a direct role of these eRNAs in enhancer function. By precisely defining eRNA start sites using a method that quantifies nascent 5' ends (5'-GRO-Seq), we show that transfer of full enhancer activity to a target promoter requires both the sequences mediating transcription factor binding and the specific sequences encoding the eRNA transcript. These studies provide evidence for direct roles of eRNAs in contributing to enhancer functions and suggest that Rev-Erbs act to suppress gene expression at a distance by repressing eRNA transcription. Using ChIPseq, GRO-seq, and 5'GRO-seq to determine mechanism of RevErb in transcriptional regulation in macrophages

2013-06-05 | E-GEOD-45914 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Principles for RNA metabolism and alternative transcription initiation within closely spaced promoters

2016-05-13 | GSE75183 | GEO

Time course GRO-seq analysis of the human GM12878 lymphoblasts upon Sendai Virus infection.

Project description:Densely sampled time course GRO-seq analysis was performed to determine global transcriptional activities at both enhancers and promoters upon Sendai Virus infection.

2018-10-07 | E-MTAB-6047 | biostudies-arrayexpress

CTCF blocks anti-sense transcription initiation at divergent gene promoters [ChIP-Seq]

Project description:Transcription is typically divergent, initiating at closely spaced oppositely oriented core promoters to produce sense and unstable upstream antisense transcripts (uasTrx). How antisense transcription is regulated and coordinated with sense transcription is largely unknown. Here by combining acute degradation of the multi-functional transcription factor CTCF and nascent transcription measurements, we find that CTCF specifically suppresses antisense but not sense transcription at hundreds of divergent promoters, the great majority of which bear proximal CTCF binding sites. Genome editing, chromatin conformation studies and 5’ transcript mapping revealed that CTCF directly suppresses uasTrx initiation in manner independent of its chromatin architectural function. Primary transcript RNA FISH revealed co-bursting of sense and anti-sense transcripts is disfavored, suggesting CTCF-regulated competition for transcription initiation. In sum, CTCF shapes the noncoding transcriptional landscape by suppressing upstream antisense transcription.

2022-05-02 | GSE173443 | GEO

CTCF blocks anti-sense transcription initiation at divergent gene promoters [PRO-Seq]

2022-05-02 | GSE173442 | GEO

Transcription profiling of mouse brain and kidney Sense-antisense transcript comparison

Project description:Comparison of sense (forward probes) and antisense (reverse probes on U74 v1 gene arrays) transcripts in mouse kidney and brain. Positive calls related to antisense transcripts were compared to the cognate signals on the 430 version of mouse genome arrays to obtain genes that co expressed sense and antisense transcripts. This had to be done manually because divergent probe IDs on the two chip generations. Experiment Overall Design: The first Affymetrix U74 mouse gene chips contains reversely oriented probe sets. These probes will hybridize to natural antisense transcripts that overlap with the sense transcript in the cognate area. Affymetrix provided a mask to identify the reverse probes. Positive calls with these reverse probes will give an estimate of the antisense transcriptome in that particular tissue. Comparison of the reversely oriented probes with correctly annotated probes will reveal the expression ratio of sense and antisense transcripts.

2008-06-14 | E-GEOD-6106 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Convergent Sense/Antisense Transcription At Intragenic Super-Enhancers Targets AID-initiated Genomic Instability

Project description:Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates both somatic hypermutation (SHM) for antibody affinity maturation and DNA breakage for antibody class switch recombination (CSR) via transcription-dependent cytidine deamination of single stranded DNA targets. While largely specific for immunglobulin genes, AID also acts on a limited set of off-targets, generating oncogenic translocations and mutations that contribute to B cell lymphoma. How AID is recruited to off-targets has been a long-standing mystery. Based on deep GRO-Seq studies of mouse and human B lineage cells activated for CSR or SHM, we report that most robust AID off-target translocations occur within highly focal regions of target genes in which sense and antisense transcription converge. Moreover, we found that such AID-targeting "convergent" transcription arises from antisense transcription that emanates from Super-Enhancers within sense transcribed gene bodies. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for AID off-targeting to a small subset of mostly lineage-specific genes in activated B cells. We performed GRO-Seq and H3K27Ac ChIP-Seq with different B lineage cell types and MEF cells to find the signatures associated with AID targeting.

2014-12-04 | E-GEOD-62296 | biostudies-arrayexpress

GRO-seq from HCT116 cells

Project description:The majority of transcription studies examine steady-state RNA . However steady-state RNA is not a true reflection of the transcriptome, because the RNA levels are affected by both transcription rate and degradation rate. In this experiment we measured the amount of transcription occurring in HCT116 colon cancer cells, regardless of degradation, using GRO-seq (global nuclear run-on sequencing). This information demonstrates that many genes have a pile-up of transcriptionally-engaged polymerase near their 5'-end. Nuclei were prepared from HCT116 cells (treated for 1hr with DMSO as control for additional GRO-seq experiments to be reported separately). Transcription run-on was performed (as per Core, L.J., Waterfall, J.J., and Lis, J.T. (2008). Nascent RNA sequencing reveals widespread pausing and divergent initiation at human promoters. Science 322, 1845-1848) and nascent RNAs were purified and sequenced.

2013-03-01 | E-GEOD-38140 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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