Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Transcription Dynamically Patterns the Meiotic Chromosome-Axis Interface [ChIP-chip]

ABSTRACT: Meiotic chromosomes are highly compacted yet remain transcriptionally active. To understand how chromosome folding accommodates transcription, we investigated the assembly of the axial element, the proteinaceous structure that compacts meiotic chromosomes and promotes recombination and fertility. We found that the axial-element proteins of budding yeast are flexibly anchored to chromatin by the ring-like cohesin complex and biased towards small chromosomes by a separate modulating mechanism that requires the conserved axial element component Hop1. The ubiquitous presence of cohesin at sites of convergent transcription provides well-dispersed points for axis attachment and thus compaction. Axis protein enrichment at these sites directly correlates with the propensity for recombination initiation nearby. Importantly, axis anchoring by cohesin is adjustable and readily displaced in the direction of transcription by the transcriptional machinery. We propose that such robust but flexible tethering allows the highly structured axial element to promote recombination while easily adapting to changes in chromosome activity. Two types of study were undertaken to understand the meiotic chromosomal axes assembly and its importance in DSB regulation in yeast. First, DSBs were mapped using ssDNA enrichment in strains isogenic for a dmc1 mutation, and also including rec8 deletion and pREC8-SCC1 in rec8 deletion. Second, the genome-wide distribution of meiotic or mitotic cohesin in meiosis was measured by ChIP-chip analysis in wild-type and pREC8-SCC1 in rec8 deletion.

ORGANISM(S): Saccharomyces cerevisiae

SUBMITTER: Andreas Hochwagen

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-69230 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:The meiotic cell division reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid to form gametes for sexual reproduction. Although much progress has been made in understanding meiotic recombination and the two meiotic divisions, the processes leading up to recombination, including the prolonged pre-meiotic S phase (meiS) and the assembly of meiotic chromosome axes, remain poorly defined. We have used genome-wide approaches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to measure the kinetics of pre-meiotic DNA replication, and to investigate the interdependencies between replication and axis formation. We found that replication initiation was delayed for a large number of origins in meiS compared to mitosis, and that meiotic cells were far more sensitive to replication inhibition, most likely due to the starvation conditions required for meiotic induction. Moreover, replication initiation was delayed even in the absence of chromosome axes, indicating replication timing is independent of the process of axis assembly. Finally, we found that cells were able to install axis components and initiate recombination on unreplicated DNA. Thus, although pre-meiotic DNA replication and meiotic chromosome axis formation occur concurrently, they are not directly coupled. The functional separation of these processes reveals a modular method of building meiotic chromosomes, and predicts that any crosstalk between these modules must occur through superimposed regulatory mechanisms. Multiple studies of meiotic chromosomes were undertaken. To study DNA replication, the locations of replicative helicase (Mcm2-7) were mapped in pre-meiotic and pre-mitotic cells, and DNA replication profiles were created for pre-meiotic S (meiS) and pre-mitotic S (mitS) phases. Early origins were mapped in hydroxyurea for wild-type cells in mitS + 200mM HU, and meiS +20mM HU for wild-type, sml1, rec8 and spo11 deletion cells. Rec8, Hop1 and Red1 binding to meiotic chromosomes was evaluated using ChIP-chip in wild-type cells with and without 20 mM HU, and in cdc6-mn and clb5 clb6 delete cells. Finally, meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were mapped in cdc6-mn dmc1 delete cells by measuring the ssDNA that accumulates at DSB hotspots. This SuperSeries is composed of the following subset Series: GSE35658: Chromatin IP for Mcm2-7, Rec8, Hop1 and Red1 GSE35662: S phase and HU profiles in wild-type and mutant cells GSE35666: DSB formation in replication compromised cells

Project description:DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in repetitive sequences are a potent source of genomic instability, due to the possibility of non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Repetitive sequences are especially at risk during meiosis, when numerous programmed DSBs are introduced into the genome to initiate meiotic recombination 1. Within the budding yeast repetitive ribosomal (r)DNA array, meiotic DSB formation is prevented in part through Sir2-dependent heterochromatin 2,3. Here, we demonstrate that the edges of the rDNA array are exceptionally susceptible to meiotic DSBs, revealing an inherent heterogeneity within the rDNA array. We find that this localised DSB susceptibility necessitates a border-specific protection system consisting of the meiotic ATPase Pch2 and the origin recognition complex subunit Orc1. Upon disruption of these factors, DSB formation and recombination specifically increased in the outermost rDNA repeats, leading to NAHR and rDNA instability. Strikingly, the Sir2-dependent heterochromatin of the rDNA itself was responsible for the induction of DSBs at the rDNA borders in pch2? cells. Thus, while Sir2 activity globally prevents meiotic DSBs within the rDNA, it creates a highly permissive environment for DSB formation at the heterochromatin/euchromatin junctions. Heterochromatinised repetitive DNA arrays are abundantly present in most eukaryotic genomes. Our data define the borders of such chromatin domains as distinct high-risk regions for meiotic NAHR, whose protection may be a universal requirement to prevent meiotic genome rearrangements associated with genomic diseases and birth defects. This SuperSeries is composed of the following subset Series: GSE30071: ssDNA mapping in dmc1 strains GSE30072: ChIP-chip of DSB factors in wild type and pch2 strains Two types of study were undertaken to understand the regulation of meiotic DSB formation close to repetitive DNA elements in yeast. First, DSBs were mapped using ssDNA enrichment in strains isogenic for a dmc1 mutation, and also including pch2 delete, orc1-161, rdna delete and a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 2 and 12 (trans2to12). Second, the association of the DSB factors Hop1, Rec114, Mer2, and Mre1, as well as total histone H3 and H3K4-trimethylation were measured by ChIP-chip analysis in wild-type and pch2 delete strains.

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Transcription Dynamically Patterns the Meiotic Chromosome-Axis Interface [ChIP-chip]

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