ABSTRACT: The well-defined battery of in vitro systems applied within chemical cancer risk assessment is often characterised by a high false-positive rate, thus repeatedly failing to correctly predict the in vivo genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of test compounds. Toxicogenomics, i.e. mRNA-profiling, has been proven successful in improving the prediction of genotoxicity in vivo and the understanding of underlying mechanisms. Recently, microRNAs have been discovered as post-transcriptional regulators of mRNAs. It is thus hypothesised that using microRNA response-patterns may further improve current prediction methods. This study aimed at predicting genotoxicity and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity in vivo, by comparing microRNA- and mRNA-based profiles, using a frequently applied in vitro liver model and exposing this to a range of well-chosen prototypical carcinogens. Primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH) were treated for 24 and 48h with 21 chemical compounds [genotoxins (GTX) vs. non-genotoxins (NGTX) and non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTX-C) versus non-carcinogens (NC)]. MicroRNA and mRNA expression changes were analysed by means of Exiqon and Affymetrix microarray-platforms, respectively. Classification was performed by using Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM). Compounds were randomly assigned to training and validation sets (repeated 10 times). Before prediction analysis, pre-selection of microRNAs and mRNAs was performed by using a leave-one-out t-test. No microRNAs could be identified that accurately predicted genotoxicity or non-genotoxic carcinogenicity in vivo. However, mRNAs could be detected which appeared reliable in predicting genotoxicity in vivo after 24h (7 genes) and 48h (2 genes) of exposure (accuracy: 90% and 93%, sensitivity: 65% and 75%, specificity: 100% and 100%). Tributylinoxide and para-Cresidine were misclassified. Also, mRNAs were identified capable of classifying NGTX-C after 24h (5 genes) as well as after 48h (3 genes) of treatment (accuracy: 78% and 88%, sensitivity: 83% and 83%, specificity: 75% and 93%). Wy-14,643, phenobarbital and ampicillin trihydrate were misclassified. We conclude that genotoxicity and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity probably cannot be accurately predicted based on microRNA profiles. Overall, transcript-based prediction analyses appeared to clearly outperform microRNA-based analyses. The study investigated differential gene expression in primary mouse hepatocyte mRNA following 24 and 48 hours of exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP), 4-Acetylaminofluorene(4AAF), Curcumin(Cur), Phenobarbital(PhB),Reserpine(Res), 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), Resorcinol(Resorcinol), Para-cresidine(pCres), Phenacetin(Phen), Diclofenac(diclo),Wy 14643(Wy), Tributyltinoxide(TBTO), Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), 8-Hydroxyquinoline [AKA 8-quinolinol](8HQ), 17-b-estradiol(E2), ampicillin(AmpC), cisplatin(CisPl), Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), Cyclosporin A(CsA), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD), Quercetin(Que) or their responsive solvent (dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO), Ethanol(ETOH), phosphate buffered saline(PBS)). Three biological replicates per compound/solvent. In total 184 arrays.
