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TRX-1 Regulates SKN-1 Nuclear Localization Cell Non-Autonomously in Caenorhabditis elegans

ABSTRACT: The Caenorhabditis elegans oxidative stress response transcription factor, SKN-1, is essential for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and is a functional ortholog of the Nrf family of transcription factors. The numerous levels of regulation that govern these transcription factors underscore their importance. Here, we add a thioredoxin, encoded by trx-1, to the expansive list of SKN-1 regulators. We report that loss of trx-1 promotes nuclear localization of intestinal SKN-1 in a redox-independent, cell non-autonomous fashion from the ASJ neurons. Furthermore, this regulation is not general to the thioredoxin family, as two other C. elegans thioredoxins TRX-2 and TRX-3 do not play a role in this process. Moreover, TRX-1-dependent regulation requires signaling from the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. However, while TRX-1 regulates SKN-1 nuclear localization, SKN-1 transcriptional activity remains largely unaffected. Interestingly, RNA-Seq revealed that loss of trx-1 elicits a general, organism-wide down-regulation of several classes of genes; those encoding for collagens and lipid transport and localization being most prevalent. However, one prominent lipase-related gene, lips-6, is highly up regulated upon loss of trx-1 in a skn-1-dependent manner. Together, these results uncover a novel role for a thioredoxin in regulating intestinal SKN-1 nuclear localization in a cell non-autonomous manner, thereby contributing to the understanding of the processes involved in maintaining redox homeostasis throughout an organism. Four samples were analyzed: Two nematode strains were analyzed, each under non-stressed and stressed (10mM NaAs) conditions

ORGANISM(S): Caenorhabditis elegans

SUBMITTER: Katie McCallum

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-77976 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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TRX-1 Regulates SKN-1 Nuclear Localization Cell Non-Autonomously in Caenorhabditis elegans

Project description:The Caenorhabditis elegans oxidative stress response transcription factor, SKN-1, is essential for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and is a functional ortholog of the Nrf family of transcription factors. The numerous levels of regulation that govern these transcription factors underscore their importance. Here, we add a thioredoxin, encoded by trx-1, to the expansive list of SKN-1 regulators. We report that loss of trx-1 promotes nuclear localization of intestinal SKN-1 in a redox-independent, cell non-autonomous fashion from the ASJ neurons. Furthermore, this regulation is not general to the thioredoxin family, as two other C. elegans thioredoxins TRX-2 and TRX-3 do not play a role in this process. Moreover, TRX-1-dependent regulation requires signaling from the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. However, while TRX-1 regulates SKN-1 nuclear localization, SKN-1 transcriptional activity remains largely unaffected. Interestingly, RNA-Seq revealed that loss of trx-1 elicits a general, organism-wide down-regulation of several classes of genes; those encoding for collagens and lipid transport and localization being most prevalent. However, one prominent lipase-related gene, lips-6, is highly up regulated upon loss of trx-1 in a skn-1-dependent manner. Together, these results uncover a novel role for a thioredoxin in regulating intestinal SKN-1 nuclear localization in a cell non-autonomous manner, thereby contributing to the understanding of the processes involved in maintaining redox homeostasis throughout an organism.

2016-04-01 | GSE77976 | GEO

Caenorhabditis elegans

Project description:TRX-1 Regulates SKN-1 Nuclear Localization Cell Non-Autonomously in Caenorhabditis elegans

| PRJNA312237 | ENA

Identification of thioredoxin-dependent regulatory cysteines in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the reductome approach.

Project description:Thiol-based redox post-translational modifications have emerged as important mechanisms of signaling and regulation in all organisms. In this context, the small ubiquitous oxido-reductase thioredoxin (Trx) plays a key role by controlling the thiol-disulfide status of target proteins. Recent redox proteomic studies revealed hundreds of proteins regulated by glutathionylation and nitrosylation in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii while much less is known about the thioredoxin interactome, called thioredoxome hereafter, in this photosynthetic model organism. Using a quantitative large scale proteomic analysis based on the in vitro reconstitution of the enzymatic thioredoxin system (NADPH, NTR, Trx) within an acellular extract and followed by an isotopic labeling with cleavable Isotopic-Coded Affinity Tag reagents, we identified 1052 Trx-targeted cysteines spread over 602 proteins. These Trx-targets participate in a wide variety of metabolic pathways and cellular processes. This approach, combined with the affinity purification approach study (PXD006097) broadens not only the redox regulation to new enzymes involved in metabolic pathways already known to be regulated by thioredoxins (carbon, lipid and energy metabolism) but also shed light on cellular processes for which data supporting a putative redox regulation in these processes are scarce (aromatic amino-acid biosynthesis, nuclear transport,…). Moreover, by comparing this thioredoxome with proteomic data for glutathionylation and nitrosylation at the protein and cysteine levels, this work confirms the existence of a complex redox regulation network in Chlamydomonas and provides evidence of a tremendous selectivity of redox post-translational modifications for specific cysteines residues.

2017-07-28 | PXD006116 | Pride

In vivo trapping of thioredoxin substrates

Project description:Thioredoxin (Trx) is a ubiquitous oxidoreductase maintaining protein-bound cysteine residues in the reduced thiol state. Here, we combined a well-established method to trap Trx substrates with the power of bacterial genetics to comprehensively characterize the in vivo Trx redox interactome in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. Using strains engineered to optimize trapping, we report the identification of a total 257 Trx substrates, including 191 that had never been reported to depend on Trx for reduction. The newly identified Trx substrates are involved in a variety of cellular processes, ranging from energy metabolism to amino acid synthesis and transcription. The interaction between Trx and two of its newly identified substrates, a protein required for the import of most carbohydrates, PtsI, and the bacterial actin homolog MreB was studied in detail. We provide direct evidence that PtsI and MreB contain cysteine residues that are susceptible to oxidation and that participate in the formation of an intermolecular disulfide with Trx. By considerably expanding the number of Trx targets, our work highlights the role played by this major oxidoreductase in a variety of cellular processes. Moreover, as the dependence on Trx for reduction is often conserved across species, it also provides insightful information on the interactome of Trx in organisms other than E. coli

2016-04-19 | PXD003098 | Pride

Proteomic comparison of Chlamydomonas wildtype and calredoxin knock-down mutants via 14N/15N metabolic labeling

Project description:Calcium (Ca2+) and redox signaling play important roles in acclimation processes from archaea to eukaryotic organisms. Herein we characterized a unique protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that has the competence to integrate Ca2+- and redox-related signaling. This protein, designated as calredoxin (CRX), combines four Ca2+-binding EF-hands and a thioredoxin (TRX) domain. A crystal structure of CRX, at 1.6 Å resolution, revealed an unusual calmodulin-fold of the Ca2+-binding EF-hands, which is functionally linked via an inter-domain communication path with the enzymatically active TRX domain. CRX is chloroplast-localized and interacted with a chloroplast 2-Cys-peroxiredoxin (PRX1). Ca2+-binding to CRX is critical for its TRX activity and for efficient binding and reduction of PRX1. Thereby, CRX represents a new class of Ca2+-dependent "sensor-responder" proteins. Genetically engineered Chlamydomonas strains with strongly diminished amounts of CRX revealed altered photosynthetic electron transfer and were affected in oxidative stress response underpinning a function of CRX in stress acclimation.

2016-10-12 | PXD003759 | Pride

Identification of calredoxin (C. reinhardtii) interaction partners by affinity chromatography and LC-MS/MS

2016-10-12 | PXD003049 | Pride

Impact of light and thioredoxins on the landscape of the plant thiol-disulfide proteome

Project description:Thiol-based redox regulation is a crucial post-translational mechanism to acclimate plants to changing light availability. Here, we conduct a biotin-switch-based redox proteomics study to systematically investigate dynamics of the thiol-redox network in response to temporal changes in light availability and across genotypes lacking parts of the NTRC/thioredoxin (Trx) systems in the chloroplast. Temporal dynamics revealed light leading to marked decreases in the oxidation states of 75 chloroplast proteins mainly involved in photosynthesis during the first 10 min, followed by their partial re-oxidation after 2-6 hours into the photoperiod. This involved f, m and x-type Trx proteins showing similar light-induced reduction-oxidation dynamics, while NTRC, 2-Cys-Prx and Trx y2 showed an opposing pattern, being more oxidized in the light, compared to the dark. In Arabidopsis trxf1f2, trxm1m2 or ntrc mutants, most protein candidates showed increased oxidation states, compared to the wild type, suggesting their light-dependent dynamics to be related to the NTRC/Trx network. In this context, deficiencies in f- and m-type Trxs were found to have different impacts on the thiol-redox proteome depending on the light environment, being higher in constant and fluctuating light, respectively, while NTRC deficiency having a strong influence in all light conditions. Results indicate the plant redox proteome to be subject to dynamic changes in reductive and oxidative pathways to cooperatively fine-tune photosynthetic and metabolic processes in the light. This involves f-type Trxs and NTRC to play a role in constant light conditions, while both m-type Trxs and NTRC being important to balance changes in protein redox-pattern during dynamic alterations in fluctuating light intensities.

2024-01-29 | PXD043914 | Pride

NTRC controls chloroplast redox homeostasis through the regulation of the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs in Arabidopsis

Project description:Thiol-dependent redox regulation is essential for the rapid adaptation of chloroplast metabolism to unpredictable changes of light intensity. The disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (Trxs), which relies on photo-reduced ferredoxin (Fdx) and a Fdx-dependent Trx reductase (FTR), constitutes the Fdx-FTR-Trxs system, which links chloroplast redox regulation to light. In addition, chloroplasts harbor an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase (NTR) with a joint Trx domain, NTRC. The activity of these two redox systems is integrated by the balance of the hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx), which thus plays a key role in maintaining the reducing capacity of chloroplast Trxs in response to light intensity. Based on the severe phenotype of mutant lines lacking NTRC, it is clear that this enzyme plays an essential role in chloroplast redox homeostasis. However, whether the function of NTRC depends on its capacity of reduce 2-Cys Prxs or has additional targets remains unknown. Here, we have addressed this issue by a comparative analysis of the triple mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, ntrc-2cpab, simultaneously lacking 2-Cys Prxs and NTRC, and the double mutant 2cpab lacking 2-Cys Prxs. The phenotype of the ntrc-2cpab mutant is indistinguishable of the 2cpab mutant, as shown by growth rate, photosynthesis performance, light-dependent redox regulation of enzyme activity and comparative transcriptomics based RNA-Seq. Based on these results, we propose that the function of NTRC in chloroplast redox homeostasis is exerted by the regulation of the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs rather than by the direct reduction of additional targets.

2021-09-09 | GSE147793 | GEO

Proteomic characteriaztion of the high light response of Calredoxin mutants (C. reinhardtii)

Project description:Calredoxin (CRX) is a calcium (Ca2+)-dependent thioredoxin (TRX) in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To further elucidate the function of CRX, we performed in-depth quantitative proteomics taking advantage of a crx insertional mutant (IMcrx), two CRISPR/Cas9 KO mutants, CRX rescues and wild type strains. These analyses revealed that the chloroplast NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) is co-regulated with CRX. Electron transfer measurements revealed that CRX inhibits NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1) via NTRC and that the function of the NADPH-NTRC complex is under strict control of CRX. Our data also demonstrated via non-reducing SDS-PAGE assays and redox proteomics that PRX1, Transketolase (TRK1), ATPC and Proton Gradient Related like 1 (PGRL1) are more oxidized under high light (HL) conditions in the absence of CRX. The redox tuning of PRX1 and control of the NADPH-NTRC complex via CRX interconnects redox control with active photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism as well as Ca2+ signaling. In this way, an economic use of NADPH for PRX1 reduction is assured. The finding, that in the absence of CRX, light-driven CO2 fixation is severely inhibited under HL conditions underpins the importance of CRX for redox tuning as well as for efficient photosynthesis.

2023-10-04 | PXD038009 | Pride

TMX2 is a key regulator of cellular redox state and its dysfunction causes severe brain developmental abnormalities

Project description:The redox state of the neural progenitors regulates physiological processes such as neuronal differentiation, dendritic and axonal growth. The relevance of ER-associated oxidoreductases in these processes is largely unexplored. We describe a severe neurological disorder caused by biallelic loss of function variants in the Thioredoxin (TRX)-Related Transmembrane-2 (TMX2) gene, detected by exome sequencing in ten affected individuals from seven unrelated families presenting with congenital microcephaly, cortical polymicrogyria and other migration disorders. TMX2 encodes one of the five TMX proteins of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase family and is the first to be linked to human brain disease. Our mechanistic studies on protein function show that TMX2 localizes to the ER Mitochondria-Associated-Membranes (MAMs), is involved in posttranslational modification and protein folding and undergoes physical interaction with the MAM associated and ER folding chaperone calnexin and ER calcium pump SERCA2. These interactions are functionally relevant because TMX2-deficient fibroblasts show decreased mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity and compensatory increased basal glycolytic activity. Intriguingly, under basal conditions TMX2 occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form, while it forms a stable dimer under treatment with hydrogen peroxide, recently recognized as signaling molecule in neural morphogenesis and axonal pathfinding. Exogenous expression of the pathogenic TMX2 variants or of variants with in vitro mutagenized TRX domain induces a constitutive TMX2 polymerization, mimicking increased oxidative state. Altogether these data uncover TMX2 as a sensor in the MAM-regulated redox state and identify it as a key adaptive regulator of neuronal proliferation, migration and organization in the developing brain.

2019-12-31 | GSE133483 | GEO

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