Project description:Expression of CD40 in non-hematopoietic cells has been linked to inflammation. We presented evidence that CD40, a T-cell costimulatory molecule, is expressed in human Î²-cells and the engagement of CD40 in insulinoma cells activated the NFKB and ERK1/2 pathways. CD40 activation in human islets cells induced secretion of IL-8, MCP-1 and MIP-1 Î², which is abrogated by inhibitors of NFkB and ERK1/2 inhibitors. In this study, we have studied gene expression mediated by CD40-CD40L interaction in islet cells. This approach identified 90 genes and transcripts exhibiting at least a 1.7 fold increase in their expression intensity after treatment with soluble CD40L. A significant number of genes were related to inflammation and oxidative stress. We have a strong overexpression of CXCL1 (GroÎ±), CXCL2 (Mif2) and CXCL3; chemokines belonging to CXC family structurally related to Il-8. 11 genes were selected from this group and further quantified by Real Time PCR, including CXCL1. Activation of islet cells with CD40L induced the secretion of CXCL1 in a NFKB dependent manner. Engagement of CD40 in islet cells did not induce apoptosis, neither Î²-cell death and did not enhanced TNF-Î± mediated cell death as observed in insulinoma cells. CD40 activation in insulinoma cells, results in ERK1/2 dependent phsophorylation of synapsin I, a protein associated with the exocytosis machinery in neurons and Î²-cells. However, treatment of islets with soluble CD40L did not affect glucose induced insulin secretion. It has been reported that ductal cells always present in human islet preparations express CD40 constitutively (ref). We found that CD40-CD40L interaction in ductal cells, unlike in Î²-cells, induces secretion of diabetogenic cytokines IFNÎ³ and TNF-Î±. Furthermore, incubation of islets containing ductal cells with CD40L decreased Î²-cells viability as assessed by measurement of their mitochondrial membrane potential Experiment Overall Design: We isolated islet cells from three patients. Part of islet cells from each patient has been treated with CD40L. We compared gene expression in treated cells vs untreated for each patient using dye-swap.

Project description:Background; The gut is a major energy consumer, but a comprehensive overview of the adaptive response to fasting is lacking. Gene-expression profiling, pathway analysis, and immunohistochemistry were therefore carried out on mouse small intestine after 0, 12, 24, and 72 hours of fasting. Results; Intestinal weight declined to 50% of control, but this loss of tissue mass was distributed proportionally among the gutâs structural components, so that the microarraysâ tissue base remained unaffected. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the microarrays revealed that the successive time points separated into distinct branches. Pathway analysis depicted a pronounced, but transient early response that peaked at 12 hours, and a late response that became progressively more pronounced with continued fasting. Early changes in gene expression were compatible with a cellular deficiency in glutamine and metabolic adaptations directed at glutamine conservation, inhibition of pyruvate oxidation, stimulation of glutamate catabolism via aspartate and phosphoenolpyruvate to lactate, and enhanced fatty-acid oxidation and ketone-body synthesis. In addition, the expression of key genes involved in cell cycling and apoptosis was suppressed. At 24 hours of fasting, many of the early adaptive changes abated. Major changes upon continued fasting implied the production of glucose rather than lactate from carbohydrate backbones, a downregulation of fatty-acid oxidation and a very strong downregulation of the electron-transport chain. Cell cycling and apoptosis remained suppressed. Conclusion; The changes in gene expression indicate that the small intestine rapidly looses mass during fasting to generate lactate or glucose and ketone bodies. Meanwhile, intestinal architecture is maintained by downregulation of cell turnover. Experiment Overall Design: Male FVB mice (Charles River, Maastricht, The Netherlands) were housed at 20-22Â°C, 50-60% humidity, a 12 hours light/dark cycle, and food and water ad libitum. At 6 weeks of age, mice were fasted by removing chow for up to 72 hours before sacrifice (n = 6 per group). The animals were kept in metabolic cages to prevent the consumption of beddings and were kept warm with an infrared lamp starting at 24h. Experiment Overall Design: All animals were sacrificed between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m. by cervical dislocation. The small intestine was removed quickly in such a way that adherent tissue remained behind. It was opened longitudinally, rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline, blotted, weighed, snap-frozen in liquid N2, and stored at -80Â°C. We opted to use extracts of full-thickness intestine for gene-expression profiling, because the epithelial component of the murine small intestine comprises over 70% of its volume The suitability of this strategy is underscored by a recent microarray study of transporters in the mouse intestine [Anderle P et al., BMC Genomics 2005, 6: 69.]. In addition, isolation of enterocytes is time-consuming and, hence, entails a risk of mRNA degradation, while mucosal scraping harvests villi more efficiently than crypts , whereas many mRNAs are most abundant in the crypts. Experiment Overall Design: Total intestinal RNA was extracted from frozen tissue with guanidiniumthiocyanate [Chomczynski P, Sacchi N: Analytical Biochemistry 1987, 162: 156-159.], followed by cesium-chloride centrifugation [Glisin V, Crkvenjakov R BC: Biochemistry 1974, 13: 2633-2637.] to avoid contamination with mucus. The quality of RNA was assessed with the RNA 6000 Nano LabChipÂ® Kit in an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, USA). Microarray-based quantification of 8 mRNAs with a 1.3-9.2-fold change in expression was validated by qPCR, as described [58]. mRNA concentration was calculated using the LinReg program [59]. In the absence of reverse transcriptase, the signal was < 0.1% of that in its presence for each primer pair (not shown). Experiment Overall Design: Microarrays. The 60-mer Mouse Development (22K) Oligo Microarray G4120A (Agilent) was used. Three arrays per experimental condition were used. Per microarray, 20 Î¼g mRNA, pooled from 2 intestines, was reverse transcribed with Cy3-labelled dCTP (Perkin Elmer, Boston, USA), using the Agilent Fluorescent Direct Label Kit. Cy5-labeled cDNA produced from RNA pooled from 6 fed animals served as the common reference across all arrays (Figure 1A). Hybridized cDNAs were detected with Agilentâs dual-laser microarray slide scanner. The data were retrieved with Agilentâs Feature Extraction software 6.1.1.

Project description:Background; In the postabsorptive state, the portal-drained viscera are a major energy consumer, but a comprehensive overview of the adaptive fasting response in the liver is lacking. Hence, gene-expression profiling, pathway, network and gene-set enrichment analysis and immunohistochemistry were carried out on mouse liver after 0, 12, 24, and 72 hours of fasting. Results; Liver weight has fallen to 50% of control after three days of fasting, hepatocyte size was reduced with no apparent increase in apoptosis, while the basic liver structure and metabolic zonnation were preserved. Expression profiling and pathway analysis depicted four master processes, all with response peaking at 24 hours, and all but one decreasing towards 72h. Changes in gene expression were compatible with cellular energy deficiency, and metabolic adaptations were directed at enhanced glucose production, stimulation of lipid catabolism and ketone body synthesis, and strongly augmented ATP production. Consequently, the expression of genes involved in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress response was increased. In addition, urea cycle genes were strongly upregulated during whole duration of fasting, in spite no obvious increase in amino-acid catabolism. Major physiological change upon continued fasting was restoration of glycogen reserves, but with reverse localization, demonstrating utilization of different glycogenic precursor compared to the fed controls. Conclusion; The changes in liver gene expression indicate a rapid onset of generating glucose and ketone bodies during short, and a return to near normal situation in prolonged fasting. The reason apparently lies in glycogen repletion, due to late fasting glucose production by (gut and) kidney. Experiment Overall Design: Male FVB mice (Charles River, Maastricht, The Netherlands) were housed at 20-22Â°C, 50-60% humidity, a 12 hours light/dark cycle, and food and water ad libitum. At 6 weeks of age, mice were fasted by removing chow for up to 72 hours before sacrifice (n = 6 per group). All animals were sacrificed between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m. by cervical dislocation. The liver was removed quickly, weighed, snap-frozen in liquid N2, and stored at -80Â°C. Total intestinal RNA was extracted from frozen tissue using TRIzol (Invitrogen), followed by a cleanup through a RNeasy column (Qiagen). The quality of RNA was assessed with the RNA 6000 Nano LabChipÂ® Kit in an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, USA). The 60-mer Mouse Development (22K) Oligo Microarray G4120A (Agilent) was used. Three arrays per experimental condition were used. Per microarray, 20 Î¼g mRNA, pooled from 2 livers, was reverse transcribed with Cy3-labelled dCTP (Perkin Elmer, Boston, USA), using the Agilent Fluorescent Direct Label Kit. Cy5-labeled cDNA produced from RNA pooled from livers of 6 fed animals served as the common reference across all arrays. Hybridized cDNAs were detected with Agilentâ??s dual-laser microarray slide scanner. The data were retrieved with Agilentâ??s Feature Extraction software 6.1.1.

Project description:One Âµg of total RNA from either an; individual rat or from a pooled sample was amplified and labeled with a; fluorescent dye (either Cy3 or Cy5) using the Low RNA Input Linear Amplification Labeling kit (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) following the manufacturerâ??s protocol. The amount and quality of the resulting fluorescently labeled cRNA was assessed using a Nanodrop ND-100 spectrophometer and an Agilent; Bioanalyzer. Equal amounts of Cy3- or Cy5-labeled cRNA were hybridized to the Agilent Rat Oligo Microarray (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) for 17 hrs, prior to washing and scanning. Data was extracted from the resulting; images using Agilentâ??s Feature Extraction Software (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). For day/night comparisons, two types of complementing hybridizations were performed: hepatic RNA from individual day rats was hybridized against a pool made up of RNA from 12 hour offset night rats, and RNA from individual night rats was hybridized against a pool made up of RNA from 12-hour offset day rats. Specifically, hepatic RNA samples from three individual day rats collected ten hours after light on (CT10) were hybridized against a pooled RNA sample composed of equal aliquots of RNA from the livers of six night rats collected ten hrs after lights off (CT22); and RNA samples from three individual night rats collected at CT22 were hybridized against a pooled RNA sample composed of equal aliquots of RNA from the livers of six day rats collected at CT10. This was replicated in a second study for a total of 24 hybridizations of 12 hour offset samples. For time of day comparisons, equal aliquots of RNA from the livers of six; rats collected at each of four different times of the circadian day (CT4, CT10, C16 and CT22) were pooled. The two replicate studies thus resulted in 8 pools (two replicate pools/time point times four time points); each pool was hybridized against a Universal Rat Reference RNA Standard (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA).

Project description:Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) tumors and derived cell lines are characterized by complex chromosomal abnormalities. The availability of molecular genome profiling techniques such as array CGH have markedly enabled the high-resolution genome analysis of tumor genomes, as well as helped elucidate the mechanisms leading to their complexity. The identification of tumor-specific genomic profiles is currently the focus of many array CGH studies, but there have been no analyses to date documenting the genomic signatures consistent with chromosomal instability mechanisms in OS. Results: In this study we utilized high-resolution oligonucleotide array CGH to interrogate recurrent signatures of genomic imbalance in 10 OS tumors that were consistent with the breakage fusion bridge(BFB) mechanism. Comparative analysis of the tumors showed that they exhibited varying levels of genomic imbalance. The analysis also highlighted three chromosomal regions (6p21 ~ p22, 8q24 and 17p11.2 ~ p12) that were consistently involved in high level gain or amplification events. These three regions have been previously shown by us to be not only involved in high-level imbalance in OS-derived cell lines, but also to exhibit similar imbalance profiles consistent with BFB-related events. Karyotype and dual-color FISH analysis showed that repeated rearrangements of these unstable chromosomes through BFB cycles may create a heterogeneous pattern of copy number alterations. Conclusions: This genome-wide analysis is the first to utilize oligonucleotide array CGH and FISH analysis to derive possible genomic signatures of chromosomal instability in OS tumors. Perpetuation of the BFB cycle will create a heterogeneous pattern of copy number alterations by repeated rearrangement of the unstable tumor genome., thereby generating diverse phenotypes The resulting phenotypic diversity can generate tumors with a propensity for an aggressive disease course. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms events leading to tumor development could result in the identification of prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Experiment Overall Design: 10 OS tumor samples were used; fluor-flip was performed with normal human DNA as control

Project description:Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies (HMSN) are the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies and comprise a group of genetically heterogeneous diseases. We study the genetic defects causing three demyelinating disorders: HMSN1A, HMSN-LOM and congenital cateracts facial dysmophism neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome, which are caused by mutations in PMP22, NDRG1 and CTDP1, respectively. The function and patho-mechanisms of these genes is still unknown. To identify effects downstream of the mutations, thereby possibly involved in the disease process, we used Serial expression of gene expression (SAGE) and microarray analysis. We analyzed human Schwann cell lines from three normal subjects, one HMSN-LOM patient, two HMSN-1A patients and two CCFDN patients and compared our data to a recent dataset of human Schwann cells (4 normal subjects passage 1 vs. 3, GDS1869/GSE4030 M.B. Bunge, 2006). We excluded genes that were not consistently regulated between biological and technical replicates and genes that were found to be influenced by passage number (p<0.05). Comparing expression profiles of demyelinating neuropathies with different mutations we identified: 1. expression signatures specific for each genotype. 2. Genes commonly (dys)regulated in all screened neuropathies. Interestingly, these include genes that play a role in reorganization of sodium channels in central and peripheral nerves (S100A10, CD90), or extracellular matrix remodeling (e.g. TGFBI, SERPINE1, THBS1). We also found high up-regulation of genes involved in Schwann cell lineage and in particular, genes that are associated with an immature or pre-myelinating Schwann cell phenotype (i.e. Sox2, Sox10, COL18A1, TFAP2A, Pax3, CDH19). Our study shows that many genes, possibly contributing to nerve pathology can be identified by this approach. Experiment Overall Design: Experimental design: in total 12 (two-color) arrays were run. All neuropathy samples were in duplicate (technical replicates). Two CCFDN and two HMSN1A patients were also analyzed as biological replicates. Three healthy subjects were included from which one was in duplicate. All samples (Cy3) were compared to a common reference pool (Cy5) which consisted of a mix of all samples.

Project description:Despite extensive studies, the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of heart failure have not yet been fully elucidated. Recent experimental and clinical studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major pathological role. Quercetin, a major flavonoid present in the human diet, has been studied widely and its biological properties are consistent with its protective role in the cardiovascular system. However, it remains unknown whether the cardioprotective effects of quercetin may also occur through the modulation of genes involved in cell survival. This study was therefore designed to examine the gene expression profiling of cultured rat primary cardiomyocytes supplemented with quercetin using DNA-microarrays and relating these data to functional effects. Experiment Overall Design: Primary heart cell cultures were obtained by isolation of cardiomyocytes from the ventricles of 2â4 day old Wistar rats and grown until complete confluence. In some dishes, 30 Î¼M quercetin was added to the culture medium for 6, 12 or 24 h. Total RNA was extracted using Total RNA Isolation Mini Kit (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA), following the manufacturerâs protocol. The yield and purity of the RNA were measured using NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Inc., Rockland, Del, USA). The 28s and 18s ribosomal bands were checked using Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer with an RNA 6000 Nano LabChip Kit. For each sample, mRNA was amplified starting from 1.5 Î¼g of totRNA by Amino Allyl MessageAmp I aRNA Kit (Ambion Inc.) to obtain amino allyl antisense RNA (aaRNA). Labeling of aaRNA was performed using NHS ester Cy3 or Cy5 dies (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ - USA). One hybridization to Agilent 22K-gene arrays (Rat oligo array G4130A) was performed to compare quercetin supplemented cells versus unsupplemented ones. Each analysis was replicated swapping the labeling with the two cyanine dyes.

Project description:Changes of genome-wide mRNA transcription levels of human ciliary smooth muscle (hCSM) cells were determined by treating hCSM cells in culture with 200 nM of either an prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP2 or subtype EP4 selective agonist for 6 hours in comparison to untreated controls. This was followed by competitive hybridization of fluorescent Cy3 or Cy5 labeled cRNA probes derived from the treated versus untreated control total RNA samples onto an Agilent Human Whole Genome Expression oligonucleotide microarray. Log 2 (LN) of the intra-slide ratios (RATIO, PRE_VALUE) of treated versus untreated samples was reported as VALUE in the sample files. Experiment Overall Design: Human Ciliary Smooth Muscle Cell Culture: Experiment Overall Design: Human ciliary smooth muscle (hCSM) cells were isolated from a female donor, received from the San Diego Eye BankÂ® (San Diego, CA) and cultured in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin according to the method reported previously by Woldemussie et al. Experiment Overall Design: For transcriptome analysis, cells were used for experiments starting at passage 4. Three independent experiments at consecutive cell passages were performed. For each experiment 0.6 x 106 cells were plated onto 15 cm dishes in MEM D-Valine medium (PromoCell, Germany) supplemented with 10% FCS, L-glutamine and antibiotics/antimycotics. Cells were grown to ~80% confluency for 6 days, followed by starvation in absence of FCS and presence of 100 nM of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, 20 Âµg/ml fatty acid-free BSA and 4 Âµg/ml transferrin for 17 hours. Cells were then exposed for 6 hours to 200 nM of either the EP2 agonist AGN210937 or the EP4 agonist AGN202280 (Allergan, Irvine, CA) or the corresponding amount of DMSO in the absence of FCS and presence of transferrin. Experiment Overall Design: Total RNA Extraction: Experiment Overall Design: Total RNA was isolated using a RNA isolation kit (RNAqueous; Ambion, USA) which was followed by DNase I treatment (Turbo DNA-free; Ambion) and purification, according to the manufacturerâ??s protocols. RNA was quantitated using a spectrophotometer ND-1000 (Nanodrop Technologies, USA). RNA quality was assessed regarding purity and stability using a Bioanalyser 2100 (Agilent Technologies, USA). Extracted total RNA aliquots were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -800C for single use. Experiment Overall Design: cRNA Labelling and Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization: Experiment Overall Design: Total RNA was linearly amplified and labelled with Cy3 or Cy5 using a low RNA input Fluor Linear Amp Kit (Agilent Technologies, USA). Internal RNA controls from Agilentâ??s RNA Spike-in Kit were included, comprised of mixtures of 11 in vitro synthesized transcripts derived from the Adenovirus E1A transcriptome at various ratios. The final cRNA concentration of 500 ng total RNA used was typically 590-650 ng/Î¼l and the Cy3- or Cy5-cytidine incorporation was 5.4 -6.0 pmol/Î¼g cRNA as determined using the Nanodrop spectrophotometer ND-1000. Experiment Overall Design: 3.5 Î¼g of Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cRNA (treated vs. untreated samples) were competitively hybridized to high-density DNA arrays from Agilent Technologies (Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray 44K) for 17 hours at 650C according to the manufacturerâ??s protocol. Each set of three microarray experiments for triplicate analysis contained one dye swap experiment. All microarrays were scanned and the intensities normalized over background as well as to eliminate signal intensity-dependent bias from the ratio of the two channels (Lowess normalization) using a microarray scanner from Agilent Technologies including proprietary software. All microarray data sets were imported into the microarray data analysis software Genespring 7.3 (Agilent Technologies) followed by comparison of normalized intensities. Gene identities were updated according to Agilentâ??s latest list of gene annotations (G4112F, 07Feb07). Experiment Overall Design: Consistency of microarray data quality was assessed by monitoring performance of the spiked internal RNA controls (330 microarray spots/array) at various ratios (Supplementary Data, Fig. S1), by carrying out a global analysis of all absolute fluorescent intensity values, and by analysis of negative control spots (314 microarray spots/array) for determination of detection thresholds.

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Transcription profiling of human tumor-associated stroma derived from primary clinical breast cancer samples

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