Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Identification of regulators of exit from naïve pluripotent state by enhancer trap integration site mapping

ABSTRACT: To identify regulators of exit from the naïve pluripotent state we performed an enhancer trap screen under sensitized conditions. Briefly, haploid mouse ESCs with a Puromycin resistance gene under the control of Oct4 regulatory elements were mutagenized using viruses harboring enhancer trap constructs and subjected to differentiation in the presence of 3uM CHIR with concomitant selection for Oct4 expression. Selected cells were harvested after 16, 20, and 23 days and the extracted genomic DNA, together with genomic DNA of cells taken before selection, subjected to inverse PCR and sequencing. This allowed for mapping of enhancer trap integration sites and identifying genes whose targeting is enriched during selection.

INSTRUMENT(S): Illumina HiSeq 2500

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Panagiotis Papasaikas

PROVIDER: E-MTAB-9796 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Strand asymmetry in the distribution of guanines and cytosines, measured by GC skew, predisposes DNA sequences towards R-loop formation upon transcription. Previous work revealed that GC skew and R-loop formation associate with a core set of unmethylated CpG island (CGI) promoters in the human genome. Here, we show that GC skew can distinguish four classes of promoters, including three types of CGI promoters, each associated with unique epigenetic and gene ontology signatures. In particular, we identify a strong and a weak class of CGI promoters and show that these loci are enriched in distinct chromosomal territories reflecting the intrinsic strength of their protection against DNA methylation. Interestingly, we show that strong CGI promoters are depleted from the X chromosome while weak CGIs are enriched, a property consistent with the acquisition of DNA methylation during dosage compensation. Furthermore, we identify a third class of CGI promoters based on its unique GC skew profile and show that this gene set is enriched for Polycomb group targets. Lastly, we show that nearly 2,000 genes harbor GC skew at their 3’ ends and that these genes are preferentially located in gene-dense regions and tend to be closely arranged. Genomic profiling of R-loops accordingly showed that a large proportion of genes with terminal GC skew form R-loops at their 3’-ends, consistent with a role for these structures in permitting efficient transcription termination. Altogether, we show that GC skew and R-loop formation offer significant insights into the epigenetic regulation, genomic organization, and function of human genes. DRIP-seq was performed on genomic DNA extracted from human pluripotent Ntera2 cells. The DNA was either fragmented using HindIII, EcoRI, BsrGI, XbaI and SspI (DRIP-seq 1) or BamHI, NcoI, ApaLI, NheI and PvuII (DRIP-seq 2, two technical replicates). Input DNA was also fragmented with each restriction enzyme cocktail and sequenced alongside.

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Identification of regulators of exit from naïve pluripotent state by enhancer trap integration site mapping

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