Project description:Abstract: We have identified a cytomegalovirus virion protein capable of modulating the rapid induction of an interferon-like response in cells that follows virus binding and penetration. Functional genomics revealed a role for the major cytomegalovirus structural protein, pp65 (ppUL83), in counteracting this response. The underlying mechanism involves a differential impact of this structural protein on the regulation of interferon response factor 3 (IRF-3). In contrast, NF-{kappa}B is activated independent of pp65, and neither STAT1 nor STAT3 becomes activated by either virus. pp65 is sufficient to prevent the activation of IRF-3 when introduced alone into cells. pp65 acts by inhibiting nuclear accumulation of IRF-3 and is associated with a reduced IRF-3 phosphorylation state. Thus, this investigation shows that the major structural protein of cytomegalovirus is committed to the modulation of the IRF-3 response, a primary mediator of the type I interferon response. By subverting IRF-3, the virus escapes throwing a central alarm devoted to both immediate antiviral control and regulation of the immune response. Polyadenylated RNA from 107 confluent HFs was purified by using Oligotex (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) from Trizol (Invitrogen)-extracted total RNA. This RNA was prepared, reverse transcribed, labeled with Cy3-dUTP or Cy5-dUTP (Amersham, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) by random primed synthesis with DNA pol I Klenow (Amersham Life Science, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio), and hybridized to spotted, human cDNA microarrays as previously described. Sequence-verified human cDNA microarrays (HE and HG series, 31,000 spots; HD51 series, 17,000 spots) were produced at Stanford. Images were collected by using a GenePix 4000B microarray scanner, manually flagged to eliminate poor spots and analyzed by GenePix Pro 2.0 (Axon, Union City, Calif.). A replicate experimental design type is where a series of replicates are performed to evaluate reproducibility or as a pilot study to determine the appropriate number of replicates for a subsequent experiments. Keywords: disease_state_design, pathogenicity_design

Project description:Abstract: We have identified a cytomegalovirus virion protein capable of modulating the rapid induction of an interferon-like response in cells that follows virus binding and penetration. Functional genomics revealed a role for the major cytomegalovirus structural protein, pp65 (ppUL83), in counteracting this response. The underlying mechanism involves a differential impact of this structural protein on the regulation of interferon response factor 3 (IRF-3). In contrast, NF-{kappa}B is activated independent of pp65, and neither STAT1 nor STAT3 becomes activated by either virus. pp65 is sufficient to prevent the activation of IRF-3 when introduced alone into cells. pp65 acts by inhibiting nuclear accumulation of IRF-3 and is associated with a reduced IRF-3 phosphorylation state. Thus, this investigation shows that the major structural protein of cytomegalovirus is committed to the modulation of the IRF-3 response, a primary mediator of the type I interferon response. By subverting IRF-3, the virus escapes throwing a central alarm devoted to both immediate antiviral control and regulation of the immune response. Polyadenylated RNA from 107 confluent HFs was purified by using Oligotex (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) from Trizol (Invitrogen)-extracted total RNA. This RNA was prepared, reverse transcribed, labeled with Cy3-dUTP or Cy5-dUTP (Amersham, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) by random primed synthesis with DNA pol I Klenow (Amersham Life Science, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio), and hybridized to spotted, human cDNA microarrays as previously described. Sequence-verified human cDNA microarrays (HE and HG series, 31,000 spots; HD51 series, 17,000 spots) were produced at Stanford. Images were collected by using a GenePix 4000B microarray scanner, manually flagged to eliminate poor spots and analyzed by GenePix Pro 2.0 (Axon, Union City, Calif.). A replicate experimental design type is where a series of replicates are performed to evaluate reproducibility or as a pilot study to determine the appropriate number of replicates for a subsequent experiments. User Defined

Project description:The data from these cell lines is described in figure 2 of the mansucript "Systemic and cell-type specific gene expression patterns in scleroderam skin" by Whitfield et al. (2003) PNAS. Aortic smooth muscle cells and microvascular endothelial cells were obtained from Clonetics and cultured in the recommended media; Hs578T myofibroblast-like cells were grown in RPMI-1640 supplemented with phenol red, glutamine (2 mM) and 5% fetal calf serum; HeLa S3 epithelial cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured as described in Whitfield et al., MBC, (2002). Normal, morphea and scleroderma fibroblasts were derived from normal, morphea and scleroderma skin biopsies taken by Dr. Kari Connolly at UCSF. In all cases, RNA was prepared from cells 48 hrs after changing the culture media to avoid the induction of serum responsive genes. Poly(A) RNA from each cell line was reverse-transcribed into Cy5-dUTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway NJ) labeled cDNA and reference RNA reverse-transcribed into Cy3-dUTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway NJ) labeled cDNA using standard methods. Cells grown in culture were analyzed on cDNA microarrays containing 40,512 elements representing 28,384 UniGene clusters (UniGene Build No. 155, released 9-28-2002) manufactured in the Stanford Microarray Facility (http://www.microarray.org). Equal amounts of Cy5- and Cy3-labeled cDNA were hybridized to spotted cDNA microarrays and scanned using a GenePix 4000A Scanner (Axon Instruments, Union City CA). Detailed protocols are available at http://brownlab.stanford.edu/protocols.html/. Data were extracted by superimposing a grid over each array using GenePix 3.0 software (Axon Instruments, Union City CA). Spots of poor quality, determined by visual inspection, were excluded from further analysis. A cell type comparison design experiment design type compares cells of different type for example different cell lines. Keywords: cell_type_comparison_design

Project description:We used complementary DNA microarray to analyze the gene expression profiles in different proglottids of Moniezia expansa. A total of 4056 sequences including full length and partial complementary DNAs representing novel, known, and control genes were analyzed. We utilized cDNA array for detection of gene expression profiles of different proglottids of M.expansa. The present study provides some interesting data to better understanding the mechanisms of procreation and may suggest some potential target molecules for a more effective treatment on verminosis. 1.Construction of microarray By clustering the 2,642 sequences from the cDNA library, 1,078 unigenes of M.expansa, including full-length and partial cDNAs representing novel or known genes, were obtained for array construction. The negative control spots of non-tapeworm origin in the chip were the rice genes (48 spots). In addition, the array included 9 known genes(54 spots) as positive control genes that were provided by our library and 24 empty spots. Unigenes and all control genes were cloned into plasmid vector. The DZH (TC) chips were constructed by United Gene Holdings Limited of China (Shanghai, China) according to the method described by Li et al. The cDNA inserts were amplified by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers to plasmid vector sequences and were then purified. All PCR products were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis to ensure the quality and the identity of the amplified clones as expected. Then the amplified PCR products were dissolved in a buffer containing 3×SSC solution. The solution with amplified PCR products were spotted onto glass slides (model DZH-TC) using a Cartesian PixSys 7500 motion control robot (Cartesian Technologies, Irvine, CA., USA) fitted with ChipMaker Micro-Spotting Technology (TeleChem International, Sunnyvale, CA., USA). The glass slides were then hydrated for 2 h in 70% humidity, dried for 0.5 h at room temperature, and UV crosslinked (65 mj/cm). They were further processed at room temperature by soaking in 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 10 min, distilled H2O for 10 min, and 0.2% sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for 10 min. The slides were dried again and ready for use. 2.RNA preparation and probe labeling Total RNAs were isolated from 6 M.expansas with scolex-neck proglottids, immature proglottids, mature proglottids and gravid proglottids. Tissue samples were ground into a fine powder in a 10 cm ceramic mortar (RNase-free) and were then homogenized in TRIzol (Biostar, Shanghai, China). After centrifugation, the supernatant was separated from the organic phase and was extracted in an equal volume of chloroform. The aqueous phase was then precipitated by an equal volume of isopropanol at 4°C, centrifuged to pellet the RNA and dissolved in Milli-Q H2O. The fluorescent cDNA probes were prepared through reverse transcription with Cy3- or Cy5-deoxy UTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA) as follows: 5 μg of oligo(dT18) was added and annealed to 3μg of mRNA by heating the mixture to 70˚C for 10 min, and then chilling it on ice. The final reaction buffer mixture contained dNTPs (200 μM dATP, dCTP and dGTP; 60 μM dTTP; and 60 μM Cy3- or Cy5-dUTP), 2 μl of Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 1×reaction buffer 10μl. The reactions were carried out at 42 ºC for 2 h. RNA was hydrolyzed by adding 4 μl of 2.5 M NaOH, incubating the mixture at 65 ºC for 10 min and then neutralizing it with 4 μl of 2.5 M HCl. The RNA samples from the scolex-neck proglottids were labeled with Cy3-dUTP and those from immature proglottids, mature proglottids and gravid proglottids, respectively, were labeled with Cy5-dUTP. The two color probes were then mixed and diluted to 500 μl with TE, and concentrated using a Microcon YM-30 filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) to 10 μl. The sample was then vacuum dried. 3.Hybridization The probe was dissolved in 20 ml of hybridization solution (5×SSC (0.75M NaCl and 0.075M sodium citrate), 0.4% SDS, 50% formamide). Microarrays were pre-hybridized with a hybridization solution containing 0.5 mg/ml of denatured salmon sperm DNA at 42°C for 6 h. Fluorescent probe mixtures were denatured at 95°C for 5 min and then applied onto the pre-hybridized chip under a cover glass. Chips were hybridized at 42°C for 15-17 h. Next, the hybridized chips were each washed at 60°C for 10 min in solutions of 2×SSC and 0.2% SDS, 0.1×SSC and 0.2% SDS, 0.1×SSC and then dried at room temperature. 4.Detection and analysis The chips were scanned with a ScanArray 4000 (GSI Lumonics, Bellerica, MA, USA) at two wavelengths, 635 and 532 nm, to detect emission from both Cy5 and Cy3, respectively. The acquired images were analyzed using GenePix Pro 3.0 software. The intensities of each spot at the two wavelengths represent the quantity of Cy3-dUTP and Cy5-dUTP. Ratios of Cy5 to Cy3 were computed using the GenePix Pro 3.0 median of ratio method. Overall intensities were normalized using the corresponding GenePix default normalization factor. All spots flagged “Bad” or “Not Found” by GenePix software were removed from the final data. Only genes with raw intensity values for both Cy3 and Cy5 of >200 were chosen for differential analysis. Genes were identified as differentially expressed if the ratio was >2 or <0.5, or the absolute value of base 2 logarithm of the ratio was >1 or < -1.

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Transcription profiling of background variability of HFFs

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Major human cytomegalovirus structural protein pp65 (ppUL83) prevents interferon response factor 3 activation in the interferon response.

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