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Enhanced adsorption capacity of tetracycline on porous graphitic biochar with an ultra-large surface area† † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00745f

ABSTRACT: Excessive tetracycline in the water environment may lead to the harming of human and ecosystem health. Removing tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solution is currently a most urgent issue. Porous graphitic biochar with an ultra-large surface area was successfully prepared by a one-step method. The effects of activation temperature, activation time, and activator dosage on the structural changes of biochar were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-ray powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the structure change, adsorption time, temperature, initial pH, and co-existing ions on the tetracycline removal efficiency was also investigated. The results show that temperature had the most potent effect on the specific surface area, pore structure, and extent of graphitization. The ultra-large surface area and pore structure of biochar are critical to the removal of tetracycline. The qe of porous graphitic biochar could reach 1122.2 mg g−1 at room temperature. The calculations of density functional theory indicate that π–π stacking interaction and p–π stacking interaction can enhance the tetracycline adsorption on the ultra-large surface area of graphitic biochar. 1. A ultra-large surface area of porous graphitic biochar was successfully using corn starch and ZnCl2 by a one-step method. 2. The adsorption capacity of tetracycline on the biochar could get 1122.2 mg g−1 at room temperature.

SUBMITTER: Huang B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10068915 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free photocatalyst used for visible-driven hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and organic pollutant degradation. In addition to the most attractive feature of visible photoactivity, its other benefits include thermal and photochemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and simple and easy-scale-up synthesis. However, its performance is still limited due to its low absorption at longer wavelengths in the visible range, and high charge recombination. In addition, the exfoliated nanosheets easily aggregate, causing the reduction in specific surface area, and thus its photoactivity. Herein, we propose the use of ultra-thin porous g-C3N4 nanosheets to overcome these limitations and improve its photocatalytic performance. Through the optimization of a novel multi-step synthetic protocol, based on an initial thermal treatment, the use of nitric acid (HNO3), and an ultrasonication step, we were able to obtain very thin and well-tuned material that yielded exceptional photodegradation performance of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation, without the need for any co-catalyst. About 96% of MO was degraded in as short as 30 min, achieving a normalized apparent reaction rate constant (k) of 1.1 × 10-2 min-1mg-1. This represents the highest k value ever reported using C3N4-based photocatalysts for MO degradation, based on our thorough literature search. Ultrasonication in acid not only prevents agglomeration of g-C3N4 nanosheets but also tunes pore size distribution and plays a key role in this achievement. We also studied their performance in a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), achieving a production of 1842 µmol h-1 g-1. Through a profound analysis of all the samples' structure, morphology, and optical properties, we provide physical insight into the improved performance of our optimized porous g-C3N4 sample for both photocatalytic reactions. This research may serve as a guide for improving the photocatalytic activity of porous two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors under visible light irradiation.

Dataset Information

Enhanced adsorption capacity of tetracycline on porous graphitic biochar with an ultra-large surface area† † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00745f

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