The Association Between Urinary Concentrations of Organophosphate Metabolites and Asthma-Related Outcomes Among Schoolchildren From Informal Settlements.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Mthethwa M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10477361 | biostudies-literature | 2023
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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The Association Between Urinary Concentrations of Organophosphate Metabolites and Asthma-Related Outcomes Among Schoolchildren From Informal Settlements.
Mthethwa Mashudu M Jeebhay Mohamed M Olaniyan Toyib T Wiesner Lubbe L Parker Bhawoodien B Leaner Joy J Röösli Martin M Dalvie Mohamed Aqiel MA
International journal of public health 20230822
<b>Objectives:</b> There is inconsistent evidence on the relationship between pesticide exposure and childhood respiratory outcomes in non-agricultural settings. This study investigated the association between organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure and asthma-related outcomes in children residing in four informal settlements. <b>Methods:</b> The study was a longitudinal study of 590 schoolchildren, with a 12 months follow-up period. A standardised questionnaire adopted from the International St ...[more]
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Project description:ImportanceOrganophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are an important group of pollutants associated with endocrine disorders, cancer, and nephrotoxicity. However, temporal trends in OPFR metabolite concentrations remain understudied.ObjectivesTo examine changes in urinary concentrations of OPFR metabolites among US children, youths, and adults from 2011 to 2020, and to evaluate whether sociodemographic factors were associated with variations in temporal trends.Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based cross-sectional study used data from 4 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2016, and 2017-2020 [to March 2020 before the COVID-19 pandemic]). The study included children and youths (aged 6-19 years) and adults (aged ≥20 years) with valid urinary concentrations of the following OPFR metabolites: bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEtP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), and dibutyl phosphate (DBuP). Data analysis was performed between February and May 2024.ExposuresCalendar year and key sociodemographic subgroups (age, race and ethnicity, sex, educational attainment, and poverty-to-income ratio).Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcome was urinary concentrations of OPFR metabolites among children, youths, and adults. Survey-weighted linear regression models were applied to estimate trends.ResultsThe study population of 10 549 NHANES participants included 3154 children and youths (mean [SE] age, 12.5 [0.1] years; 51.2% were male) and 7395 adults (mean [SE] age, 47.8 [0.4] years; 52.0% were women). Among children and youths, mean (95% CI) BCEtP concentrations decreased from 0.68 (0.60-0.77) μg/L in 2011-2012 to 0.41 (0.37-0.45) μg/L in 2017-2020 (P for trend < .001). Among adults, mean (95% CI) BCEtP concentrations decreased from 0.43 (0.37-0.50) μg/L in 2011-2012 to 0.29 (0.27-0.33) μg/L in 2017-2020 (P for trend < .001), and mean BCPP concentrations decreased from 0.15 (0.14-0.17) μg/L to 0.13 (0.12-0.14) μg/L (P for trend = .002). Parent level of educational attainment was associated with concentrations of BCPP and BCEtP among children and youths; however, no significant differences among adults were observed.Conclusions and relevanceThis study identified variations in temporal trends in urinary concentrations of OPFR metabolites among the US population from 2011 to 2020. In addition, substantial disparities in exposure levels persisted among children with different levels of parent educational attainment. These findings suggest that policy makers should consider socioeconomic factors to further reduce OPFR exposure and promote equity, ensuring a safe living environment for all individuals.
| S-EPMC11425145 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEvidence from animal studies suggests that exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) can disrupt endocrine function and impair embryo development. However, no epidemiologic studies have been conducted to evaluate effects on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.ObjectivesWe evaluated associations between urinary concentrations of PFR metabolites and outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment among couples recruited from an academic fertility clinic.MethodsThis analysis included 211 women enrolled in the Environment And Reproductive Health (EARTH) prospective cohort study (2005-2015) who provided one or two urine samples per IVF cycle. We measured five urinary PFR metabolites [bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), tert-butylphenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP), and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP)] using negative electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molar concentrations of the urinary PFR metabolites were summed. We used multivariable generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the association of the PFR metabolites with IVF outcomes, accounting for multiple IVF cycles per woman.ResultsDetection frequencies were high for BDCIPP (87%), DPHP (94%), and ip-PPP (80%), but low for tb-PPP (14%) and BCIPP (0%). We observed decreased success for several IVF outcomes across increasing quartiles of both summed and individual PFR metabolites (DPHP and ip-PPP) in our adjusted multivariable models. Significant declines in adjusted means from the lowest to highest quartile of ΣPFR were observed for the proportion of cycles resulting in successful fertilization (10% decrease), implantation (31%), clinical pregnancy (41%), and live birth (38%).ConclusionsUsing IVF to investigate human reproduction and pregnancy outcomes, we found that concentrations of some urinary PFR metabolites were negatively associated with proportions of successful fertilization, implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1021.
| S-EPMC5783651 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundUse of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has increased over the past decade following the phase out of some brominated flame retardants, leading to increased human exposure. We recently reported that increasing maternal PFR exposure is associated with poorer pregnancy outcomes among women from a fertility clinic. Because a small epidemiologic study previously reported an inverse association between male PFR exposures and sperm motility, we sought to examine associations of paternal urinary concentrations of PFR metabolites and their partner's pregnancy outcomes.MethodsThis analysis included 201 couples enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) prospective cohort study (2005-2015) who provided one or two urine samples per IVF cycle. In both the male and female partner, we measured five urinary PFR metabolites [bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), tert-butylphenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP)] using negative electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The sum of the molar concentrations of the urinary PFR metabolites was calculated. We used multivariable generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the association of urinary concentrations of paternal PFR metabolites with IVF outcomes, accounting for multiple in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles per couple. Models were adjusted for year of IVF treatment cycle, primary infertility diagnosis, and maternal urinary PFR metabolites as well as paternal and maternal age, body mass index, and race/ethnicity.ResultsDetection rates were high for paternal urinary concentrations of BDCIPP (84%), DPHP (87%) and ip-PPP (76%) but low for tb-PPP (12%) and zero for BCIPP (0%). We observed a significant 12% decline in the proportion of fertilized oocytes from the first to second quartile of male urinary ΣPFR and a 47% decline in the number of best quality embryos from the first to third quartile of male urinary BDCIPP in our adjusted models. An 8% decline in fertilization was observed for the highest compared to lowest quartile of urinary BDCIPP concentrations (95% CI: 0.01, 0.12, p-trend=0.06).ConclusionsUsing IVF as a model to investigate human reproduction and pregnancy outcomes, we found that paternal urinary concentrations of BDCIPP were associated with reduced fertilization. In contrast to previously reported findings for the female partners, the paternal urinary PFR metabolites were not associated with the proportion of cycles resulting in successful implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth. These results indicate that paternal preconception exposure to TDCIPP may adversely impact successful oocyte fertilization, whereas female preconception exposure to ΣPFRs may be more relevant to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
| S-EPMC5800983 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Endometriosis is a hormone-responsive gynecologic disease, signifying its connotations across a woman's life span. Previous studies suggested that endocrine disrupting chemicals were risk factors for endometriosis. Nevertheless, little is known on exposure to organophosphate, pyrethroid and phenoxy acid pesticides on endometriosis diagnosis. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 11 pesticides, metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, and phenoxy herbicides, in urine collected from 619 reproductive-age women in Utah and California, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The association of urinary concentrations of pesticides with an increase in the odds of endometriosis diagnosis was examined in 594 women who underwent laparoscopy/laparotomy (operative cohort: n = 471) or pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (population cohort: n = 123), during 2007-2009. 2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPY), malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were detected in ≥95% of the urine samples analyzed. Urinary concentrations of IMPY, MDA, PNP, 3-PBA and 2,4-D tended to be higher in younger, non-Hispanic black, nulliparous and less affluent women. IMPY was the most dominant compound in urine followed by PNP and TCPY. When women in the 4th quartile of IMPY and the 2nd quartile of TCPY concentrations (μg/g creatinine) were compared with women in the 1st quartile, the odds ratios (ORs) for diagnosis of endometriosis increased significantly in unadjusted models (IMPY OR = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.12-3.20; TCPY OR = 1.65, 95% Cl = 1.02-2.69) for the operative (n = 471) and entire data set (n = 594), respectively. Our results suggest that exposure to elevated concentrations of diazinon (the parent compound of IMPY) and chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl (parent compounds of TCPY) may be associated with endometriosis.
| S-EPMC7023990 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Concentrations of nine metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, as well as two phenoxy herbicides, were determined in 322 urine samples collected from eight countries during 2006-2014 by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The target pesticides were found ubiquitously, indicating widespread exposure of humans to pesticides in these countries. The highest sum concentrations of 11 pesticides were found in urine collected from Vietnam (median, 28.9 ng/mL), followed in decreasing order by samples from India (14.2 ng/mL), China (13.6 ng/mL), Korea (12.5 ng/mL), Greece (12.3 ng/mL), Saudi Arabia (11.3 ng/mL), the USA (7.9 ng/mL), and Japan (7.1 ng/mL). Organophosphorus compounds accounted for 62-77% of the total urinary pesticide concentrations. Para-nitrophenol (metabolite of parathion and methyl parathion) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl) were the major metabolites, especially in India (72%), China (69%), and Greece (66%). Differences in urinary pesticide concentrations between genders (male vs. female), age groups (categorized as ≤20, 21-49, and ≥50 years), and cities (Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Qiqihar) were examined. On the basis of the concentrations measured in urine, total daily intakes (DIs) of pesticides were estimated. The DIs of chlorpyrifos were found to be higher for populations in Vietnam, Greece, India, China, and Korea (≥9.6 μg/day) than those estimated for the other countries (<5 μg/day). The DIs of parathion (≥9.6 μg/day) in populations of China, India, and Korea were higher than those estimated for the other countries (5.7-9.3 μg/day). This is the first study to establish baseline levels of exposure of a variety of pesticides in several Asian countries.
| S-EPMC6394227 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOrganophosphates are insecticides that inhibit the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of this, AChE is considered a physiological marker of organophosphate exposure in agricultural settings. However, limited research exists on the associations between urinary organophosphate metabolites and AChE activity in children.MethodsThis study included 526 participants from 2 exams (April and July-October 2016) of ages 12-17 years living in agricultural communities in Ecuador. AChE activity was measured at both examinations, and organophosphate metabolites, including para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), and malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA) were measured in urine collected in July-October. We used generalized estimating equation generalized linear model (GEEGLM), adjusting for hemoglobin, creatinine, and other demographic and anthropometric covariates, to estimate associations of urinary metabolite concentrations with AChE activity (July-October) and AChE% change between April and July-October.ResultsThe mean (SD) of AChE and AChE% change (April vs July-October) were 3.67 U/mL (0.54) and -2.5% (15.4%), respectively. AChE activity was inversely associated with PNP concentration, whereas AChE% change was inversely associated with PNP and MDA. There was evidence of a threshold: difference was only significant above the 80th percentile of PNP concentration (AChE difference per SD increase of metabolite = -0.12 U/mL [95%CI: 0.20, -0.04]). Likewise, associations with AChE% change were significant only above the 80th percentile of TCPy (AChE % change per SD increase of metabolite = -1.38% [95%CI: 2.43%, -0.32%]) and PNP -2.47% [95%CI: 4.45%, -0.50%]). PNP concentration at ≥80th percentile was associated with elevated ORs for low AChE activity of 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5, 5.7) and for AChE inhibition of ≤ -10% of 3.7 (95% CI: 1.4, 9.8).ConclusionsUrinary organophosphate metabolites, including PNP, TCPy and MDA, particularly at concentrations above the 80th percentile, were associated with lower AChE activity among adolescents. These findings bring attention to the value of using multiple constructs of pesticide exposure in epidemiologic studies.
| S-EPMC9138777 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Organophosphate esters (OPE) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in a wide range of consumer products. Despite their widespread use, few studies have characterized pediatric exposures. We assessed variability and predictors of OPE exposures in a cohort panel study of 179 predominantly Black school-aged children with asthma in Baltimore City, MD. The study design included up to four seasonal week-long in-home study visits with urine sample collection on days 4 and 7 of each visit (nsamples = 618). We quantified concentrations of 9 urinary OPE biomarkers: bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEtp), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), di-benzyl phosphate (DBuP), di-benzyl phosphate, di-o-cresylphosphate, di-p-cresylphosphate (DPCP), di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo benzoic acid. We assessed potential predictors of exposure, including demographic factors, household characteristics, and cleaning behaviors. We calculated Spearman/tetrachoric correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to examine within-week and seasonal intra-individual variability, respectively. We assessed OPE predictors using linear models for continuous log2 concentrations (BDCPP and DPHP) and logistic models for odds of detection (BCEtP, DBuP, DPCP), with generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measures. For all OPEs, we observed moderate within-week correlations (rs: 0.31-0.63) and weak to moderate seasonal reliability (ICC: 0.18-0.38). BDCPP and DPHP concentrations were higher in the summer compared to other seasons. DPHP concentrations were lower among males than females (%diff: -53.5%; 95% CI: -62.7, -42.0) and among participants spending >12 h/day indoors compared to ≤12 h (%diff: -20.7%; 95% CI: -32.2, -7.3). BDCPP concentrations were lower among children aged 8-10 years compared to 5-7 years (%diff: -39.1%; 95% CI: -55.9, -15.9) and higher among children riding in a vehicle on the day of sample collection compared to those who had not (%diff: 28.5%; 95% CI: 3.4, 59.8). This study is the first to characterize within-week and seasonal variability and identify predictors of OPE biomarkers among Black school-aged children, a historically understudied population.
| S-EPMC9232954 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMeasurements of urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites are often used to characterize exposures to organophosphate (OP) insecticides; however, some challenges to using urinary DAP metabolites as an exposure measure exist. OP insecticides have short biological half-lives with measurement in a single urine sample typically only reflecting recent exposure within the last few days. Because of the field staff and participant burden of longitudinal sample collection and the high cost of multiple measurements, typically only one or two urine samples have been used to evaluate OP insecticide exposure during pregnancy, which is unlikely to capture an accurate picture of prenatal exposure.MethodsWe recruited pregnant farmworker women in Chom Thong and Fang, two districts of Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand (N = 330) into the Study of Asian Women and their Offspring's Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE) from 2017 to 2019. We collected up to 6 serial urine samples per participant during gestation and composited the samples to represent early, mid, and late pregnancy. We measured concentrations of urinary DAP metabolites in the composited urine samples and evaluated the within- and between-participant variability of these levels. We also investigated predictors of OP insecticide exposure.ResultsDAP metabolite concentrations in serial composite samples were weakly to moderately correlated. Spearman correlations indicated that composite urine samples were more highly correlated in Fang participants than in Chom Thong participants. The within-person variances (0.064-0.65) exceeded the between-person variances for DETP, DEP, ∑DEAP, DMP, DMTP, ∑DMAP, ∑DAP. The intraclass correlations (ICCs) for the volume-based individual metabolite levels (ng/mL) ranged from 0.10 to 0.66. For ∑DEAP, ∑DMAP, and ∑DAP the ICCs were, 0.47, 0.17, 0.45 respectively. We observed significant differences between participants from Fang compared to those from Chom Thong both in demographic and exposure characteristics. Spearman correlations of composite samples from Fang participants ranged from 0.55 to 0.66 for the ∑DEAP metabolite concentrations in Fang indicating moderate correlation between pregnancy periods. The ICCs were higher for samples from Fang participants, which drove the overall ICCs.ConclusionsCollecting multiple (∼6) urine samples during pregnancy rather than just 1 or 2 improved our ability to accurately assess exposure during the prenatal period. By compositing the samples, we were able to still obtain trimester-specific information on exposure while keeping the analytic costs and laboratory burden low. This analysis also helped to inform how to best conduct future analyses within the SAWASDEE study. We observed two different exposure profiles in participants in which the concentrations and variability in data were highly linked to the residential location of the participants.
| S-EPMC8688265 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAnimal studies suggest that pesticide exposure elicits endocrine changes, increases embryo implantation failure, and decreases litter size. However, only a few epidemiological studies have evaluated the effects of pesticides on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies.ObjectivesThis study examined the associations between preconception organophosphate pesticides (OP) exposure and pregnancy outcomes among women undergoing IVF in a Chinese population.MethodsThis study included 522 women with infertility who underwent IVF. Women were recruited from a prospective study, the China National Birth Cohort (CNBC), from Shanghai, China, between July 2017 and December 2018. Demographic and clinical information were collected from medical records and through questionnaires. Preconception exposure to OP was assessed by measuring six nonspecific dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites [diethylthiophosphate (DETP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP)] in urine samples collected at recruitment. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to evaluate the associations between OP and pregnancy outcomes.ResultsCompared with women in the lowest quartile (Q1) of individual DEP and Σ4DAP (the sum of DMP, DMTP, DEP, and DETP), women in the highest quartile (Q4) had lower odds of successful implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth, and most of the negative trends were significant (p-trends<0.05). There were no significant associations between urinary DAP concentrations and early IVF outcomes, including total and mature oocyte counts, best embryo quality, fertilization, E2 trigger levels, and endometrial wall thickness.ConclusionPreconception OP exposure was inversely associated with successful implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth in women who underwent IVF. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7076.
| S-EPMC7526721 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPhthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are environmental contaminants that may affect early embryonic development.ObjectiveTo assess the association between phthalate metabolites and BPA with early pregnancy endpoints in a cohort of women followed from before conception.MethodsWe quantified 11 phthalate metabolites and BPA in 137 conception cycles from naturally conceived clinical pregnancies. Phthalate metabolites and BPA concentrations were measured in a pooled sample of three daily morning urine specimens. Daily urinary hormone measurements had previously been used to define ovulation, implantation, and corpus luteum rescue. We assessed associations between conception cycle exposures (phthalate biomarkers and BPA) and 1) time from ovulation to implantation; 2) type of corpus luteum rescue (timing and pattern of rise in progesterone: early, late, or no rise); and 3) rate of initial rise in hCG.ResultsMono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were associated with earlier implantation (6-8 days vs. 9 days (the most commonly observed); per natural log-unit, OR (95% CI) = 2.8 (1.2, 6.7) and OR (CI) = 2.1 (1.2, 3.7), respectively). Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was associated with later implantation (10-12 days vs. 9 days); OR (CI) = 1.5 (1.0, 2.1). Compared with implantation on day 9, BPA was significantly associated with both earlier and later implantation (OR=2.2 for both). Women with concentrations above the median of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) (p = 0.04) or above the median of the molar sum of four di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) (p = 0.08) had a slower initial rise in hCG. Increasing MCPP was associated with an increased odds of a late rise rescue (OR (CI) = 2.9 (1.0, 8.5); late rise vs. early rise), while increasing MEP was associated with a no rise rescue (OR (CI) = 1.6 (0.9, 2.8); no rise vs. early rise).ConclusionsThe reported associations varied in their direction of effect, some potentially protective, others adverse. This may reflect the complexity with which these potential endocrine disrupting chemicals can be acting, but chance findings are also possible. Given that women continue to be exposed to these compounds (or their precursors), continued research on the effects they may have on pregnancy is warranted.
| S-EPMC6263801 | biostudies-literature