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Diversity of Short Linear Interaction Motifs in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.

ABSTRACT: Molecular mimicry of short linear interaction motifs has emerged as a key mechanism for viral proteins binding host domains and hijacking host cell processes. Here, we examine the role of RNA-virus sequence diversity in the dynamics of the virus-host interface, by analyzing the uniquely vast sequence record of viable SARS-CoV-2 species with focus on the multi-functional nucleocapsid protein. We observe the abundant presentation of motifs encoding several essential host protein interactions, alongside a majority of possibly non-functional and randomly occurring motif sequences absent in subsets of viable virus species. A large number of motifs emerge ex nihilo through transient mutations relative to the ancestral consensus sequence. The observed mutational landscape implies an accessible motif space that spans at least 25% of known eukaryotic motifs. This reveals motif mimicry as a highly dynamic process with the capacity to broadly explore host motifs, allowing the virus to rapidly evolve the virus-host interface.

SUBMITTER: Schuck P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10542142 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Diversity of Short Linear Interaction Motifs in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.

Schuck Peter P Zhao Huaying H

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 20230801

Molecular mimicry of short linear interaction motifs has emerged as a key mechanism for viral proteins binding host domains and hijacking host cell processes. Here, we examine the role of RNA-virus sequence diversity in the dynamics of the virus-host interface, by analyzing the uniquely vast sequence record of viable SARS-CoV-2 species with focus on the multi-functional nucleocapsid protein. We observe the abundant presentation of motifs encoding several essential host protein interactions, alon ...[more]

PMID: 37790474

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Project description:BackgroundAn important class of interaction switches for biological circuits and disease pathways are short binding motifs. However, the biological experiments to find these binding motifs are often laborious and expensive. With the availability of protein interaction data, novel binding motifs can be discovered computationally: by applying standard motif extracting algorithms on protein sequence sets each interacting with either a common protein or a protein group with similar properties. The underlying assumption is that proteins with common interacting partners will share some common binding motifs. Although novel binding motifs have been discovered with such approach, it is not applicable if a protein interacts with very few other proteins or when prior knowledge of protein group is not available or erroneous. Experimental noise in input interaction data can further deteriorate the dismal performance of such approaches.ResultsWe propose a novel approach of finding correlated short sequence motifs from protein-protein interaction data to effectively circumvent the above-mentioned limitations. Correlated motifs are those motifs that consistently co-occur only in pairs of interacting protein sequences, and could possibly interact with each other directly or indirectly to mediate interactions. We adopted the (l, d)-motif model and formulate finding the correlated motifs as an (l, d)-motif pair finding problem. We present both an exact algorithm, D-MOTIF, as well as its approximation algorithm, D-STAR to solve this problem. Evaluation on extensive simulated data showed that our approach not only eliminated the need for any prior protein grouping, but is also more robust in extracting motifs from noisy interaction data. Application on two biological datasets (SH3 interaction network and TGFbeta signaling network) demonstrates that the approach can extract correlated motifs that correspond to actual interacting subsequences.ConclusionThe correlated motif approach outlined in this paper is able to find correlated linear motifs from sparse and noisy interaction data. This, in turn, will expedite the discovery of novel linear binding motifs, and facilitate the studies of biological pathways mediated by them.

Project description:BackgroundShort linear motifs in host organisms proteins can be mimicked by viruses to create protein-protein interactions that disable or control metabolic pathways. Given that viral linear motif instances of host motif regular expressions can be found by chance, it is necessary to develop filtering methods of functional linear motifs. We conduct a systematic comparison of linear motifs filtering methods to develop a computational approach for predicting motif-mediated protein-protein interactions between human and the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).ResultsWe implemented three filtering methods to obtain linear motif sets: 1) conserved in viral proteins (C), 2) located in disordered regions (D) and 3) rare or scarce in a set of randomized viral sequences (R). The sets C,D,R are united and intersected. The resulting sets are compared by the number of protein-protein interactions correctly inferred with them - with experimental validation. The comparison is done with HIV-1 sequences and interactions from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The number of correctly inferred interactions allows to rank the interactions by the sets used to deduce them: D∪R and C. The ordering of the sets is descending on the probability of capturing functional interactions. With respect to HIV-1, the sets C∪R, D∪R, C∪D∪R infer all known interactions between HIV1 and human proteins mediated by linear motifs. We found that the majority of conserved linear motifs in the virus are located in disordered regions.ConclusionWe have developed a method for predicting protein-protein interactions mediated by linear motifs between HIV-1 and human proteins. The method only use protein sequences as inputs. We can extend the software developed to any other eukaryotic virus and host in order to find and rank candidate interactions. In future works we will use it to explore possible viral attack mechanisms based on linear motif mimicry.

Dataset Information

Diversity of Short Linear Interaction Motifs in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.

Publications

Diversity of Short Linear Interaction Motifs in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.

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