Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals from Tea and Agarwood Leaf Extracts against Isolated Bacteria from Poultry and Curd
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Urme S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10645492 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are the main challenges to the progression of new drug discovery. To diminish infectious disease-causing pathogens, new antibiotics are required while the drying pipeline of potent antibiotics is adding to the severity. Plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes have successfully demonstrated their inhibitory potential against the drug-resistant pathogens. In quest of potential phytochemicals, we selected tea (Camellia sinensis) and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) leaves for antimicrobial activity. Fresh tea leaves were collected in three varieties, namely, BT-6, BT-7, and BT-8, including green tea (nonfermented tea), black tea (fully fermented tea), and agarwood leaves collected from Sylhet region of Bangladesh. This study is aimed at analyzing the phytochemical constituency and antimicrobial activity of tea and agarwood leaf extracts and analyzing if there is a combined effect or synergistic activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of tea and agarwood leaf extracts was analyzed against MDR pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical constituency profiling of these six leaf extracts was evaluated, and preliminary screening exhibited that most of the leaves contained diverse groups of metabolites (alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, etc.). The highest amounts of TPC (total phenolic content) (110.16 ± 0.48 μg/mg) were found in BT-7 in ethanol extracts, and BT-8 in methanol extracts possessed the highest (128.1 ± 0.43 μg/mg) TFC (total flavonoid content). Notably, green tea showed remarkable results in TPC and TFC. In antioxidant scavenging activity, BT-7 and green tea showed significant IC50 values which were 13.23 and 20.75 mg/mL, respectively. In antimicrobial assays, both 50 μL of each tea and agarwood leaf extract antimicrobial activities were examined against 50 μL of each bacterial and fungal culture. In synergistic activity, 50 μL of each type of leaf extracts was poured over the commercial antibiotics to evaluate their synergism, additive, or antagonism activity against the multidrug-resistant pathogens. In the antimicrobial activity test, green tea showed a maximum diameter (22.0 ± 1.1 mm) zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae whereas BT-8 showed 22.0 ± 2.5 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indeed, fresh tea BT-6 and BT-7 both showed remarkable zone of inhibition against the selected microbes including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Besides, leaf extract also showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungus Mucor circinelloides. Aiming to increase antibiotic resistance efficacy, synergistic activities were evaluated among leaf extracts and antibiotics against the selected pathogens where synergism, antagonism, and additive results were noted. Combination of BT-8 extracts with antibiotics (ceftiofur) showed the highest synergism nearly 36 mm of the zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli. Additionally, green tea with gentamicin and erythromycin also showed remarkable synergism 35 and 33 mm against Mucor circinelloides and E. coli, respectively. Tea and agarwood leaves grown in Bangladesh possess high antioxidant activity, promising antibacterial and antifungal activity, thus might provide a potential source for drug discovery.
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Project description:Nowadays, the increasing use of medicinal plants in the treatment and prevention of diseases has attracted the attention of researchers. The aim of this work was to investigate the probiotic properties and antibacterial and antifungal activity of silymarin-enriched Lactobacillus bacteria against several important pathogenic bacteria and also Aspergillus flavus as one of the harmful molds in the food and health industries. For this purpose, 52 g-positive and catalase-negative bacteria were isolated from 60 traditional curd samples from Ilam province. Five of the 52 bacterial strains had more than 90% viability in high bile salt and acidic conditions and were selected for further investigation. The five strains with positive results showed good hydrophobicity (≥ 50.30%), auto-aggregation (≥ 53.70%), coaggregation (≥ 28.20%), and high cholesterol removal ability (from 09.20 to 67.20%) and therefore can be considered potential probiotics. The tested strains displayed acceptable antibacterial and antifungal activity against all 12 pathogenic bacteria and A. flavus. Also, the results of the simultaneous antifungal activity of probiotic strains and silymarin showed that the combination of silymarin and probiotics has a significantly better (P < 0.05) antifungal effect than the control group or the probiotic groups alone. Interestingly, in addition to the Limosilactobacillus fermentum C3 strain, the Limosilactobacillus fermentum C18 and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus C20 strains also had significant inhibitory effects against A. flavus when used with silymarin extract in methanol. Meanwhile, silymarin extract in DMSO and PEG increased the antagonistic activity of all five potential probiotic strains.
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Project description:The sale of antibiotics and antifungals has skyrocketed since 2020. The increasing threat of pathogens like ESKAPE bacteria (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.), which are effective in evading existing antibiotics, and yeasts like Candida auris or Cryptococcus neoformans is pressing to develop efficient antimicrobial alternatives. Nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are believed to be promising candidates to supplement or even replace antibiotics in some applications. Here, we propose a way to increase the antimicrobial efficiency of silver nanoparticles by using tea extracts (black, green, or red) for their synthesis. This allows for using lower concentrations of nanoparticles and obtaining the antimicrobial effect in a short time. We found that AgNPs synthesized using green tea extract (G-TeaNPs) are the most effective, causing approximately 80% bacterial cell death in Gram-negative bacteria within only 3 hours at a concentration of 0.1 mg mL-1, which is better than antibiotics. Ampicillin at the same concentration (0.1 mg mL-1) and within the same duration (3 h) causes only up to 40% decrease in the number of S. aureus and E. cloacae cells (non-resistant strains). The tested silver nanoparticles also have antifungal properties and are effective against C. auris and C. neoformans, which are difficult to eradicate using other means. We established that silver nanoparticles synthesized with tea extracts have higher antibacterial properties than silver nanoparticles alone. Such formulations using inexpensive tea extracts and lower concentrations of silver nanoparticles show a promising solution to fight various pathogens.
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Project description:Gynmena inodorum (GI) is a green leafy vegetable used in the Northern Thai cuisine which has antioxidant activities and may be applicable for preventing oxidative stress and aging-related disease. However, understanding the relationship between GI phytonutrients and their antioxidant properties has been unclear. The aims of this study were to identify the GI leaf phytochemicals and to study their antioxidant activities. A chromatogram of LC-ESI-MS/QTOF-MS showed that the GI leaves were potentially composed of phenolics, quinic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins. This study was able to authenticate quercetin, kaempferol, and triterpenoid GIA1 in the samples. The GI materials with high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, quercetin, and kaempferol showed significant relation to antioxidation and protection in endothelial cell death suppressed by reactive nitrogen species. Meanwhile, triterpenoids had a low antioxidant impact. Ultimately, GI leaves with high phenolic compounds are a promising raw material to develop as an antioxidant functional food.
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Project description:Rhododendron, one of the most famous ornamental plants in the world, is traditionally a medicinal plant. However, the potential bioactivities of native Rhododendron in Taiwan have not been completely studied. In this study, the results revealed that Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum exhibited the best antioxidant activities among 10 native Rhododendron species in Taiwan. Furthermore, based on a bioactivity-guided isolation principle, nine specific phytochemicals were isolated and identified as (2R,3S)-catechin (1), (2R,3R)-epicatechin (1'), (2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin 3-O- β -l-arabinopyranoside (2), (2S,3S)-taxifolin 3-O- β -l-arabinopyranoside (2'), (2R,3R)-taxifolin 3-O- β -l-arabinopyranoside (3), myricetin 3-O- β -d-glucopyranoside (3'), rutin (4), hyperoside (5), and quercitrin (6). Of these compounds, 2 and 3 were found to be major bioactive compounds, and their concentrations in the n-butanol (BuOH) fraction were determined to be 52.0 and 67.3 mg per gram, respectively. These results demonstrated that methanolic extracts of Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum leaves have excellent antioxidant activities and great potential as a source for natural health products.
| S-EPMC4060324 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Salmonella remains the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and the dissemination of drug-resistant Salmonellae through the food chain has important implications for treatment failure of salmonellosis. We investigated the ecology of Salmonella in integrated broiler production in order to understand the flow of antibiotic susceptible and resistant strains within this system. Data were analyzed from a retrospective study focused on antimicrobial resistant Salmonella recovered from commercial broiler chicken farms conducted during the initial years of the US FDA's foray into retail meat surveillance by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). Sixty-three percentage of Salmonella were pan-susceptible to a panel of 19 antimicrobials used by the NARMS program. Twenty-five antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were observed in Salmonella isolated from two broiler chicken farms. However, Salmonella displaying resistance to streptomycin, alone, and in combination with other antibiotics was the most prevalent (36.3%) antimicrobial resistance phenotype observed. Resistance to streptomycin and sulfadimethoxine appeared to be linked to the transposon, Tn21. Combinations of resistance against streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim, and tetracycline were observed for a variety of Salmonella enterica serovars and genetic types as defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. There were within and between farm differences in the antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella and some of these differences were linked to specific serovars. However, farm differences were not linked to antibiotic usage. Analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of the endemic Salmonella serovars on these farms suggests that preventing vertical transmission of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella would reduce carcass contamination with antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and subsequently human risk exposure.
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Project description:Bacillus velezensis ML122-2 is an antimicrobial-producing strain isolated from the leaf of Assam tea or Miang [Camellia sinensis var. assamica (J.W.Mast.) Kitam.]. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of strain ML122-2 exhibits a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the mold Penicillium expansum. The genome of B. velezensis ML122-2 was sequenced and in silico analysis identified three potential bacteriocin-associated gene clusters, that is, those involved in the production of mersacidin, amylocyclicin, and LCI. Furthermore, six gene clusters exhibiting homology (75-100% DNA sequence identity) to those associated with the secondary metabolites bacilysin, bacillibactin, surfactin, macrolactin H, bacillaene, and plipastatin were identified. Individual antimicrobial activities produced by B. velezensis ML122-2 were purified and characterized by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis, revealing three antimicrobial peptides with molecular masses corresponding to surfactin, plipastatin, and amylocyclicin. Transcriptional analysis of specific genes associated with mersacidin (mrsA), amylocyclicin (acnA), plipastatin (ppsA), and surfactin (srfAA) production by B. velezensis ML122-2 showed that the first was not transcribed under the conditions tested, while the latter three were consistent with the presence of the associated peptides as determined by mass spectrometry analysis. These findings demonstrate that B. velezensis ML122-2 has the genetic capacity to produce a wide range of antimicrobial activities that may support a specific community structure and highlight the biotechnological properties of Assam tea.
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Project description:The present research was conducted to discover antimicrobial compounds in methanolic leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas and Andrographis paniculata and ethanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava and the effectiveness against microbes on flower preservative solution of cut Mokara Red orchid flowers was evaluated. The leaves were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of nine, 66, and 29 compounds were identified in J. curcas, P. guajava, and A. paniculata leaf extracts, with five (88.18%), four (34.66%), and three (50.47%) having unique antimicrobial compounds, respectively. The experimental design on vase life was conducted using a completely randomized design with 10 replications. The flower vase life was about 6 days in the solution containing the P. guajava and A. paniculata leaf extracts at 15 mg/L. Moreover, solution with leaf extracts of A. paniculata had the lowest bacterial count compared to P. guajava and J. curcas. Thus, these leaf extracts revealed the presence of relevant antimicrobial compounds. The leaf extracts have the potential as a cut flower solution to minimize microbial populations and extend flower vase life. However, the activities of specific antimicrobial compounds and double or triple combination leaf extracts to enhance the effectiveness to extend the vase life need to be tested.
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Project description:Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens are responsible for treatment failure and economic losses, and can also be a source of resistant zoonotic infections representing a risk to human health. In 2006 the European Union banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals and other regions are likely to follow suit. Alternative products and strategies are sought to help maintain animal gut health to reduce the prevalence of pathogens in the food chain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of organic and aqueous leaf extracts of Alchornea laxiflora, Ficus exasperata, Morinda lucida, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Ocimum gratissimum, and Acalypha wilkesiana were tested against bacterial poultry pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., and fungal species (Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans) using a 2-fold serial microdilution method. Activity of extracts against biofilms of the pathogens was done using a modified crystal violet staining in vitro assay. The safety of extracts was determined against Vero and Caco-2 cells using a tetrazolium-based in vitro assay. Acetone and cold water extracts of M. lucida had the best activity against three bacteria (MIC = 0.05-0.07 mg/ml) and two fungal (MIC = 0.03-0.15 mg/ml) organisms, respectively. The E. coli isolate and A. flavus were the most susceptible bacteria and fungi, respectively. Caco-2 cells generally displayed higher selectivity index (SI) values compared to Vero cells and average SI values against Vero and Caco-2 cells for both bacteria and fungi ranged from 0.01 to 4.48 and 0.005 to 16.41, respectively. All plant extracts had good anti-biofilm activity (>50%) against at least one organism. The disruption of established biofilm growth by the plant samples proved to be more difficult to achieve than efficacy against planktonic forms of bacteria. This study shows that some of the plant species are potential candidates as alternative feed additives in poultry production. In the future, a poultry feed trial to evaluate their in vivo efficacy as herbal feed additives will be conducted.
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Project description:1. The tRNA methyltransferase activity in vitro of leaves, cotyledons and roots of 85-day-old tea seedlings was studied. 2. The activity of extracts prepared from tea leaves with Polycar AT (insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidine) had optimum pH7.7 and was greatly influenced by thiol compounds, but only slightly by metal ions and ammonium acetate. 3. The activities of extracts, expressed per mg of protein, were as follows: roots greater than leaves greater than cotyledons. The only methylated base isolated after incubation with these preparations was 1-methyladenine. 4. The results did not support the view of involvement of methylation of nucleic acids in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants. In contrast, it is suggested that theophylline is synthesized from the specific methylated precursor in nucleic acids, namely 1-methyladenylic acid, via 1-methylxanthine.
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