The magnitude of selection on growth varies among years and increases under warming conditions in a subarctic seabird
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PROVIDER: S-EPMC10871900 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Background and aimsThe response of subarctic grassland's below-ground to soil warming is key to understanding this ecosystem's adaptation to future climate. Functionally different below-ground plant organs can respond differently to changes in soil temperature (Ts). We aimed to understand the below-ground adaptation mechanisms by analysing the dynamics and chemistry of fine roots and rhizomes in relation to plant community composition and soil chemistry, along with the duration and magnitude of soil warming.MethodsWe investigated the effects of the duration [medium-term warming (MTW; 11 years) and long-term warming (LTW; > 60 years)] and magnitude (0-8.4 °C) of soil warming on below-ground plant biomass (BPB), fine root biomass (FRB) and rhizome biomass (RHB) in geothermally warmed subarctic grasslands. We evaluated the changes in BPB, FRB and RHB and the corresponding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools in the context of ambient, Ts < +2 °C and Ts > +2 °C scenarios.Key resultsBPB decreased exponentially in response to an increase in Ts under MTW, whereas FRB declined under both MTW and LTW. The proportion of rhizomes increased and the C-N ratio in rhizomes decreased under LTW. The C and N pools in BPB in highly warmed plots under MTW were 50 % less than in the ambient plots, whereas under LTW, C and N pools in warmed plots were similar to those in non-warmed plots. Approximately 78 % of the variation in FRB, RHB, and C and N concentration and pools in fine roots and rhizomes was explained by the duration and magnitude of soil warming, soil chemistry, plant community functional composition, and above-ground biomass. Plant's below-ground biomass, chemistry and pools were related to a shift in the grassland's plant community composition - the abundance of ferns increased and BPB decreased towards higher Ts under MTW, while the recovery of below-ground C and N pools under LTW was related to a higher plant diversity.ConclusionOur results indicate that plant community-level adaptation of below ground to soil warming occurs over long periods. We provide insight into the potential adaptation phases of subarctic grasslands.
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Project description:Climate change effects on population dynamics of natural populations are well documented at higher latitudes, where relatively rapid warming illuminates cause-effect relationships, but not in the tropics and especially the marine tropics, where warming has been slow. Here we forecast the indirect effect of ocean warming on a top predator, Nazca boobies in the equatorial Galápagos Islands, where rising water temperature is expected to exceed the upper thermal tolerance of a key prey item in the future, severely reducing its availability within the boobies' foraging envelope. From 1983 to 1997 boobies ate mostly sardines, a densely aggregated, highly nutritious food. From 1997 until the present, flying fish, a lower quality food, replaced sardines. Breeding success under the poor diet fell dramatically, causing the population growth rate to fall below 1, indicating a shrinking population. Population growth may not recover: rapid future warming is predicted around Galápagos, usually exceeding the upper lethal temperature and maximum spawning temperature of sardines within 100 years, displacing them permanently from the boobies' island-constrained foraging range. This provides rare evidence of the effect of ocean warming on a tropical marine vertebrate.
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Project description:Subarctic ecosystems are exposed to elevated temperatures and increased cloudiness in a changing climate with potentially important effects on vegetation structure, composition, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated the individual and combined effects of warming and increased cloudiness on vegetation greenness and cover in mesocosms from two tundra and one palsa mire ecosystems kept under strict environmental control in climate chambers. We also investigated leaf anatomical and biochemical traits of four dominant vascular plant species (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and Rubus chamaemorus). Vegetation greenness increased in response to warming in all sites and in response to increased cloudiness in the tundra sites but without associated increases in vegetation cover or biomass, except that E. hermaphroditum biomass increased under warming. The combined warming and increased cloudiness treatment had an additive effect on vegetation greenness in all sites. It also increased the cover of graminoids and forbs in one of the tundra sites. Warming increased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus and R. chamaemorus, and glandular trichome density of V. myrtillus and decreased spongy intercellular space of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis-idaea. Increased cloudiness decreased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus, palisade thickness of E. hermaphroditum, and stomata density of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis-idaea, and increased leaf area and epidermis thickness of V. myrtillus, leaf shape index and nitrogen of E. hermaphroditum, and palisade intercellular space of V. vitis-idaea. The combined treatment caused thinner leaves and decreased leaf carbon for V. myrtillus, and increased leaf chlorophyll of E. hermaphroditum. We show that under future warmer increased cloudiness conditions in the Subarctic (as simulated in our experiment), vegetation composition and distribution will change, mostly dominated by graminoids and forbs. These changes will depend on the responses of leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and will likely impact carbon gain and primary productivity and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.
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Project description:To improve understanding of how global warming may affect competitive interactions among plants, information on the responses of plant functional traits across species to long-term warming is needed. Here we report the effect of 23 years of experimental warming on plant traits across four different alpine subarctic plant communities: tussock tundra, Dryas heath, dry heath and wet meadow. Open-top chambers (OTCs) were used to passively warm the vegetation by 1.5-3 °C. Changes in leaf width, leaf length and plant height of 22 vascular plant species were measured. Long-term warming significantly affected all plant traits. Overall, plant species were taller, with longer and wider leaves, compared with control plots, indicating an increase in biomass in warmed plots, with 13 species having significant increases in at least one trait and only three species having negative responses. The response varied among species and plant community in which the species was sampled, indicating community-warming interactions. Thus, plant trait responses are both species- and community-specific. Importantly, we show that there is likely to be great variation between plant species in their ability to maintain positive growth responses over the longer term, which might cause shifts in their relative competitive ability.
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