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Two closely related but distinct retroviruses are associated with walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia.

ABSTRACT: Walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia (WEH) is a hyperproliferative skin disease that is prevalent on adult walleye fish throughout North America. We have identified two retroviruses associated with WEH, designated here as walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus type 1 and type 2 (WEHV1 and WEHV2), that are closely related to one another (77% identity) and to walleye dermal sarcoma virus (64% identity) within the polymerase region. WEHV1 and/or WEHV2 viral DNA was readily detected by PCR in hyperplastic tissue samples, but only low levels of viral DNA were detected in uninvolved skin. Southern blot analysis showed one to three copies of integrated WEHV2 viral DNA in lesions but did not detect WEHV2 viral DNA in uninvolved skin from the same fish. Northern blots detected abundant levels of WEHV1 and/or WEHV2 virion RNA transcripts of approximately 13 kb in hyperplastic tissue, but virion RNA was not observed in uninvolved skin and muscle. These results suggest that WEHV1 and WEHV2 are the causative agents of discrete epidermal hyperplasia.

SUBMITTER: LaPierre LA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC109864 | biostudies-literature | 1998 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Two closely related but distinct retroviruses are associated with walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia.

LaPierre L A LA Holzschu D L DL Wooster G A GA Bowser P R PR Casey J W JW

Journal of virology 19980401 4

Walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia (WEH) is a hyperproliferative skin disease that is prevalent on adult walleye fish throughout North America. We have identified two retroviruses associated with WEH, designated here as walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus type 1 and type 2 (WEHV1 and WEHV2), that are closely related to one another (77% identity) and to walleye dermal sarcoma virus (64% identity) within the polymerase region. WEHV1 and/or WEHV2 viral DNA was readily detected by PCR in hyperpl ...[more]

PMID: 9525688

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Project description:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus types 1 and 2 (WEHV1 and WEHV2, respectively) are associated with a hyperproliferative skin lesion on walleyes that appears and regresses seasonally. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences and transcriptional profiles of these viruses. WEHV1 and WEHV2 are large, complex retroviruses of 12,999 and 13,125 kb in length, respectively, that are closely related to one another and to walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV). These walleye retroviruses contain three open reading frames, orfA, orfB, and orfC, in addition to gag, pol, and env. orfA and orfB are adjacent to one another and located downstream of env. The OrfA proteins were previously identified as cyclin D homologs that may contribute to the induction of cell proliferation leading to epidermal hyperplasia and dermal sarcoma. The sequence analysis of WEHV1 and WEHV2 revealed that the OrfB proteins are distantly related to the OrfA proteins, suggesting that orfB arose by gene duplication. Presuming that the precursor of orfA and orfB was derived from a cellular cyclin, these genes are the first accessory genes of complex retroviruses that can be traced to a cellular origin. WEHV1, WEHV2, and WDSV are the only retroviruses that have an open reading frame, orfC, of considerable size (ca. 130 amino acids) in the leader region preceding gag. While we were unable to predict a function for the OrfC proteins, they are more conserved than OrfA and OrfB, suggesting that they may be biologically important to the viruses. The transcriptional profiles of WEHV1 and WEHV2 were also similar to that of WDSV; Northern blot analyses detected only low levels of the orfA transcripts in developing lesions, whereas abundant levels of genomic, env, orfA, and orfB transcripts were detected in regressing lesions. The splice donors and acceptors of individual transcripts were identified by reverse transcriptase PCR. The similarities of WEHV1, WEHV2, and WDSV suggest that these viruses use similar strategies of viral replication and induce cell proliferation by a similar mechanism.

Project description:Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) has been found to regulate longevity through the PI3K/Akt/FoxO pathway and maintenance of genome integrity in worms, flies, and mammals. However, limited information is available on the roles of PTEN in longevity of aquatic animals. Here we extended this paradigm using two closely related Argopecten scallops, Argopecten purpuratus, and Argopecten irradians, with significantly distinct life spans, which are commercially important bivalve species for fishery and aquaculture in China, United States, Peru, and Chile. The ORFs of the ApPTEN and AiPTEN were 1,476 and 1,473 bp, which encoded 491 and 490 amino acids, respectively. There were 48 synonymous and 16 non-synonymous SNPs and one InDel of three nucleotides between ApPTEN and AiPTEN, resulting in variations in 15 amino acids and lack of S453 in AiPTEN. Differences in conformation and posttranslational modification were predicted between ApPTEN and AiPTEN, which may indicate different activities of ApPTEN and AiPTEN. When the animals were subjected to nutrition restriction, the expression of both ApPTEN and AiPTEN was upregulated, with AiPTEN responded faster and more robust than ApPTEN. Ionizing radiation induced significantly elevated expression of ApPTNE but not AiPTEN in the adductor muscle, and the mortality rate of A. purpuratus was significantly lower than that of A. irradians, indicating that ApPTNE may play a protective role by maintaining the genome integrity. RNAi of ApPTNE significantly downregulated the expression of its downstream regulated genes known to favor longevity, such as FoxO, Mn-SOD, and CAT. These results indicated that PTEN may contribute to the longevity of A. purpuratus through regulation of nutrient availability and genomic stability, probably via PI3K/Akt/FoxO pathway. Our study may provide new evidence for understanding of the conservative functions of PTEN in regulation of lifespan in animals and human, and it may also benefit the selection of scallops strains with long lifespan and thus larger size.

Dataset Information

Two closely related but distinct retroviruses are associated with walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia.

Publications

Two closely related but distinct retroviruses are associated with walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia.

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