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Regulation of the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (phd2/egln-1) gene: identification of a functional hypoxia-responsive element.

ABSTRACT: The HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factors) are a family of heterodimeric transcription factors essential for the adaptation of cells to reduced oxygen supply. Three human PHDs (prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins, PHD1-PHD3) initiate oxygen-dependent degradation of HIF-alpha-subunits in normoxia. RNA interference directed against PHD2, but not PHD1 or PHD3, is sufficient to stabilize HIF-1alpha in normoxia. Therefore PHD2 is regarded as the main cellular oxygen sensor. PHD2 itself is up-regulated by hypoxia and may thus limit hypoxic signalling. By sequence analysis, we predicted a promoter approx. 3.5 kb 5' of the translation start codon and a second promoter located in a CpG island immediately upstream of the coding sequence. A consensus HIF-1-binding site that is conserved in the murine phd2 gene was detected in the CpG island. By electrophoretic mobility-shift assay, we demonstrated binding of HIF-1 to the putative HIF-1-binding site. In luciferase reporter vectors, the isolated upstream promoter was inactive in all cell lines tested unless 200 bp were deleted at the 3'-end. The downstream promoter was active and induced by hypoxia. In reporter vectors containing both promoter sequences, luciferase activity was equal to vectors containing only the downstream promoter. In cells transfected with a vector containing both promoters, a single luciferase transcript was detectable. This transcript had the same length as transcripts from a vector containing the downstream promoter only. We conclude that the phd2 gene is transcribed exclusively from the downstream promoter that contains a functional hypoxia-responsive, cis-regulatory element. Our results establish that PHD2 is a direct HIF target gene.

SUBMITTER: Metzen E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1135001 | biostudies-literature | 2005 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Regulation of the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (phd2/egln-1) gene: identification of a functional hypoxia-responsive element.

Metzen Eric E Stiehl Daniel P DP Doege Kathrin K Marxsen Jan H JH Hellwig-Bürgel Thomas T Jelkmann Wolfgang W

The Biochemical journal 20050501 Pt 3

The HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factors) are a family of heterodimeric transcription factors essential for the adaptation of cells to reduced oxygen supply. Three human PHDs (prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins, PHD1-PHD3) initiate oxygen-dependent degradation of HIF-alpha-subunits in normoxia. RNA interference directed against PHD2, but not PHD1 or PHD3, is sufficient to stabilize HIF-1alpha in normoxia. Therefore PHD2 is regarded as the main cellular oxygen sensor. PHD2 itself is up-regulated by hy ...[more]

PMID: 15563275

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Project description:Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) is deemed a primary oxygen sensor in humans, yet many details of its underlying mechanism are still not fully understood. (Fe(2+) + ?KG)PHD2 is 6-coordinate, with a 2His/1Asp facial triad occupying three coordination sites, a bidentate ?-ketoglutarate occupying two sites, and an aquo ligand in the final site. Turnover is thought to be initiated upon release of the aquo ligand, creating a site for O(2) to bind at the iron. Herein we show that steady-state turnover is faster under acidic conditions, with k(cat) exhibiting a kinetic pK(a) = 7.22. A variety of spectroscopic probes were employed to identify the active-site acid, through comparison of (Fe(2+) + ?KG)PHD2 at pH 6.50 with pH 8.50. The near-UV circular dichroism spectrum was virtually unchanged at elevated pH, indicating that the secondary structure did not change as a function of pH. UV-visible and Fe X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the primary coordination sphere of Fe(2+) changed upon increasing the pH; extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis found a short Fe-(O/N) bond length of 1.96 Å at pH 8.50, strongly suggesting that the aquo ligand was deprotonated at this pH. Solvent isotope effects were measured during steady-sate turnover over a wide pH-range, with an inverse solvent isotope effect (SIE) of k(cat) observed ((D(2)O)k(cat) = 0.91 ± 0.03) for the acid form; a similar SIE was observed for the basic form of the enzyme ((D(2)O)k(cat) = 0.9 ± 0.1), with an acid equilibrium offset of ?pK(a) = 0.67 ± 0.04. The inverse SIE indicated that aquo release from the active site Fe(2+) immediately precedes a rate-limiting step, suggesting that turnover in this enzyme may be partially limited by the rate of O(2) binding or activation, and suggesting that aquo release is relatively slow. The unusual kinetic pK(a) further suggested that PHD2 might function physiologically to sense both intracellular pO(2) as well as pH, which could provide for feedback between anaerobic metabolism and hypoxia sensing.

Dataset Information

Regulation of the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (phd2/egln-1) gene: identification of a functional hypoxia-responsive element.

Publications

Regulation of the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (phd2/egln-1) gene: identification of a functional hypoxia-responsive element.

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