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Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

ABSTRACT: Drug-associated dysfunction of mitochondria is believed to play a role in the etiology of the various adverse symptoms that occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Tenofovir, a nucleotide analog recently approved for use in the treatment of HIV infection, was evaluated in vitro for its potential to cause mitochondrial toxicity and was compared to currently used NRTIs. Treatment with tenofovir (3 to 300 microM) for up to 3 weeks produced no significant changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells, skeletal muscle cells (SkMCs), or renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. The potencies of inhibition of mtDNA synthesis by the NRTIs tested were zalcitabine (ddC) > didanosine (ddI) > stavudine > zidovudine (ZDV) > lamivudine = abacavir = tenofovir, with comparable relative effects in the three cell types. Unlike ddC and ddI, tenofovir did not affect cellular expression of COX II and COX IV, two components of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase complex. Lactate production was elevated by less than 20% in HepG2 cells or SkMCs following treatment with 300 microM tenofovir. In contrast, lactate synthesis increased by >200% in the presence of 300 microM ZDV. Thus, treatment of various human cell types with tenofovir at concentrations that greatly exceed those required for it both to have in vitro anti-HIV type 1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (50% effective concentration, 0.2 microM) and to achieve therapeutically relevant levels in plasma (maximum concentrations in plasma, 0.8 to 1.3 microM) is not associated with mitochondrial toxicity.

SUBMITTER: Birkus G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC127499 | biostudies-literature | 2002 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Birkus Gabriel G Hitchcock Michael J M MJ Cihlar Tomas T

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 20020301 3

Drug-associated dysfunction of mitochondria is believed to play a role in the etiology of the various adverse symptoms that occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Tenofovir, a nucleotide analog recently approved for use in the treatment of HIV infection, was evaluated in vitro for its potential to cause mitochondrial toxicity and was compared to currently used NRTIs. Treatment with tenofovir (3 to 300 mi ...[more]

PMID: 11850253

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Project description:Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase-gamma inhibition and subsequent mtDNA depletion. Effects on mtDNA mutation, although suggested by critical involvement of polymerase-gamma in DNA-repair reactions, are unknown. In the present study, we assessed the nature and frequency of mitochondrial genome sequence differences in peripheral-blood samples taken prior to NRTI therapy and after 6-77 mo of treatment in 16 NRTI-treated patients. Samples from 10 HIV-infected, treatment-naive control individuals were taken at similar time intervals. Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA-sequencing analysis techniques were used to detect mitochondrial genome sequence variants between paired longitudinal samples, and heteroplasmic populations were quantified after cloning and repeat SSCP/sequencing. Of 16 individuals treated with NRTIs, 5 exhibited altered SSCP profiles associated with the development of novel heteroplasmic DNA sequence changes, whereas no SSCP pattern change within these regions was observed in the control individuals. Heteroplasmic sequence changes were distributed across four regions of the genome: the noncoding region to 12S ribosomal RNA, reduced-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide dehydrogenase 1, and cytochrome oxidase subunits I and III. Of the total of 26 patients who were examined in the present study, 4 of 5 patients with detectable mtDNA sequence changes since commencement of therapy developed evidence of peripheral fat wasting (lipoatrophy) between sample intervals (P=.031). One patient, without detectable sequence changes on NRTI therapy, also developed lipoatrophy. Levels of mtDNA copies/cell in blood samples were determined by quantitative PCR for 11 of the 16 NRTI-exposed patients; 7 of these 11 patients showed reduced levels of mtDNA in blood after therapy, including all 3 patients tested with evidence of mtDNA sequence changes on therapy. These data indicate that NRTI therapy provides conditions permissive for the development of peripheral-blood mtDNA mutations in vivo.

Project description:BackgroundDolutegravir (DTG) is a once-daily unboosted second-generation integrase-inhibitor that along with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is one of several regimens recommended by the United States, United Kingdom and European Union for first-line antiretroviral treatment of people with HIV infection. Our objective was to review the evidence for the efficacy and safety of DTG-based first-line regimens compared to efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review. We comprehensively searched a range of databases as well as conference abstracts and a trials registry. We used Cochrane methods in screening and data collection and assessed each study's risk of bias with the Cochrane tool. We meta-analyzed data using a fixed-effects model. We used GRADE to assess evidence quality.ResultsFrom 492 search results, we identified two randomized controlled trials, reported in five peer-reviewed articles and one conference abstract. One trial tested two DTG-based regimens (DTG + abacavir (ABC) + lamivudine (3TC) or DTG + tenofovir + emtricitabine) against an EFV-based regimen (EFV+ ABC+3TC). The other trial tested DTG+ABC+3TC against EFV+ABC+3TC. In meta-analysis, DTG-containing regimens were superior to EFV-containing regimens at 48 weeks and at 96 weeks (RR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.16; and RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.21, respectively). In one trial, the DTG-containing regimen was superior at 144 weeks (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.24). DTG-containing regimens were superior in reducing treatment discontinuation compared to those containing EFV at 96 weeks and at 144 weeks (RR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.15-0.50; and RR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.16-0.48, respectively). Risk of serious adverse events was similar in each regimen at 96 weeks (RR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.80-1.63) and 144 weeks (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.68-1.29). Risk of bias was moderate overall, as was GRADE evidence quality.ConclusionsDTG-based regimens should be considered in future World Health Organization guidelines for initial HIV treatment.

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Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Publications

Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

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