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Application of charge density methods to a protein model compound: calculation of Coulombic intermolecular interaction energies from the experimental charge density.

ABSTRACT: A combined experimental and theoretical charge density study of the pentapeptide Boc-Gln-d-Iva-Hyp-Ala-Phol (Boc, butoxycarbonyl; Gln, glutamine; Iva, isovaline; Hyp, hydroxyproline; Ala, ethylalanine; Phol, phenylalaninol) is described. The experimental analysis, based on synchrotron x-ray data collected at 20 K, is combined with ab initio theoretical calculations. The topologies of the experimental and theoretical densities are analyzed in terms of the atoms in molecules quantum theory. Topological parameters, including atomic charges and higher moments integrated over the atomic basins, have been evaluated with the program topxd and are used to calculate the electrostatic interactions between the molecules in the crystal. The interaction energies obtained after adding dispersive and repulsive van der Waals contributions agree quite well with those based on M-B3LYP/6-31G** dimer calculations for two of the three dimers in the crystal, whereas for the third a larger stabilization is obtained than predicted by the calculation. The agreement with theory is significantly better than that obtained with multipole moments derived directly from the aspherical atom refinement. The convergence of the interaction as a function of addition of successively higher moments up to and including hexadecapoles (l = 4) is found to be within 2-3 kJ/mol. Although shortcomings of both the theoretical and experimental procedures are pointed out, the agreement obtained supports the potential of the experimental method for the evaluation of interactions in larger biologically relevant molecules.

SUBMITTER: Li X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC129410 | biostudies-literature | 2002 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Application of charge density methods to a protein model compound: calculation of Coulombic intermolecular interaction energies from the experimental charge density.

Li Xue X Wu Guang G Abramov Yuriy A YA Volkov Anatoliy V AV Coppens Philip P

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20020909 19

A combined experimental and theoretical charge density study of the pentapeptide Boc-Gln-d-Iva-Hyp-Ala-Phol (Boc, butoxycarbonyl; Gln, glutamine; Iva, isovaline; Hyp, hydroxyproline; Ala, ethylalanine; Phol, phenylalaninol) is described. The experimental analysis, based on synchrotron x-ray data collected at 20 K, is combined with ab initio theoretical calculations. The topologies of the experimental and theoretical densities are analyzed in terms of the atoms in molecules quantum theory. Topolo ...[more]

PMID: 12221293

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Project description:The pharmaceutical agent theophylline (THEO) is primarily used as a bronchodilator and is commercially available in both tablet and liquid dosage forms. THEO is highly hygroscopic, reducing its stability, overall shelf-life, and therefore usage as a drug. THEO and dicarboxylic acid cocrystals were designed by Trask et al. in an attempt to decrease the hygroscopic behaviour of THEO; cocrystallisation of THEO with malonic acid (MA) did not improve the hygroscopic stability of THEO in simulated atmospheric humidity testing. The current study employed high-resolution X-ray crystallography, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to examine the electron density distribution (EDD) changes between the cocrystal and its individual components. The EED changes identified the reasons why the THEO:MA cocrystal did not alter the hygroscopic profile of THEO. The cocrystal was equally porous, with atomic packing factors (APF) similar to those of THEO 0.73 vs. 0.71, respectively. The THEO:MA (1) cocrystal structure is held together by an array of interactions; a heterogeneous synthon between the imidazole and a carboxylic fragment stabilising the asymmetric unit, a pyrimidine-imidazole homosynthon, and an aromatic cycle stack between two THEO moieties have been identified, providing 9.7-12.9 kJ mol-1 of stability. These factors did not change the overall relative stability of the cocrystal relative to its individual THEO and MA components, as shown by cocrystal (1) and THEO being equally stable, with calculated lattice energies within 2.5 kJ mol-1 of one other. The hydrogen bond analysis and fragmented atomic charge analysis highlighted that the formation of (1) combined both the EDD of THEO and MA with no net chemical change, suggesting that the reverse reaction - (1) back to THEO and MA - is of equal potential, ultimately producing THEO hydrate formation, in agreement with the work of Trask et al. These results highlight that a review of the EDD change associated with a chemical reaction can aid in understanding cocrystal design. In addition, they indicate that cocrystal design requires further investigation before becoming a reliable process, with particular emphasis on identifying the appropriate balance of synthon engineering, weak interactions, and packing dynamics.

Dataset Information

Application of charge density methods to a protein model compound: calculation of Coulombic intermolecular interaction energies from the experimental charge density.

Publications

Application of charge density methods to a protein model compound: calculation of Coulombic intermolecular interaction energies from the experimental charge density.

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