Long term outcome after traumatic brain injury.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Fleminger S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1315633 | biostudies-literature | 2005 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Long term outcome after traumatic brain injury.
Fleminger Simon S Ponsford Jennie J
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 20051201 7530
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Project description:IntroductionThe relationship between hyperoxemia and outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. We sought to investigate the independent relationship between hyperoxemia and long-term mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.MethodsThe Finnish Intensive Care Consortium database was screened for mechanically ventilated patients with a moderate-to-severe TBI. Patients were categorized, according to the highest measured alveolar-arterial O₂ gradient or the lowest measured PaO₂ value during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, to hypoxemia (<10.0 kPa), normoxemia (10.0 to 13.3 kPa) and hyperoxemia (>13.3 kPa). We adjusted for markers of illness severity to evaluate the independent relationship between hyperoxemia and 6-month mortality.ResultsA total of 1,116 patients were included in the study, of which 16% (n = 174) were hypoxemic, 51% (n = 567) normoxemic and 33% (n = 375) hyperoxemic. The total 6-month mortality was 39% (n = 435). A significant association between hyperoxemia and a decreased risk of mortality was found in univariate analysis (P = 0.012). However, after adjusting for markers of illness severity in a multivariate logistic regression model hyperoxemia showed no independent relationship with 6-month mortality (hyperoxemia vs. normoxemia OR 0.88, 95% CI 0. 63 to 1.22, P = 0.43; hyperoxemia vs. hypoxemia OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.50, P = 0.90).ConclusionHyperoxemia in the first 24 hours of ICU admission after a moderate-to-severe TBI is not predictive of 6-month mortality.
| S-EPMC4056982 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Early functional outcome assessments of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors may underestimate the long-term consequences of TBI. We assessed long-term temporal changes in functional outcome and quality of life in intensive care unit-managed long-term TBI survivors. This prospective, longitudinal study included 180 patients admitted to a single university hospital during 2000-2002 alive at 15 years post-TBI. Baseline characteristics, including imaging information, were collected. Functional outcome was assessed early (6-24 months) and late (15 years) using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the extended GOS (GOSE). Quality of life was measured at 15 years using the EuroQol Five Dimensions Five Levels (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. GOS and GOSE were dichotomized into favorable and unfavorable outcome. An index score was computed for EQ-5D-5L results at 15 years by a standardized valuation protocol. Of 180 patients, 118 replied to 15-year questionnaires. Median age at time of injury was 34 years (interquartile range, 19-45). Using the GCS to assess TBI severity, 67% had a moderate-to-severe TBI. Ninety-seven percent had favorable early functional outcome, and 72% had late favorable functional outcome. Logistic regression found higher age, lower GCS, and Marshall CT III to significantly predict late unfavorable functional outcome. Higher age and Marshall CT III were significant predictors of functional outcome deterioration. Median EQ-5D-5L index score for all patients was 0.88 (0.66-1.00) and correlated positively with GOSE. Most long-term TBI survivors with early favorable outcome also have late favorable functional outcome. Higher age and diffuse brain injury are associated with neurological deterioration. Quality of life was strongly linked to functional outcome.
| S-EPMC10698799 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The effect of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) on outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. We sought to assess the independent effect of positive BAC on long-term outcome in patients with TBI treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). We performed a retrospective analysis of 405 patients with TBI, admitted to the ICU of a large urban Level 1 trauma center between January 2009 and December 2012. Outcome was six-month mortality and unfavorable neurological outcome (defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 [death], 2, [vegetative state], or 3 [severe disability]). Patients were categorized by admission BAC into: no BAC (0.0‰; n=99), low BAC (<2.3‰; n=140) and high BAC (≥2.3‰; n=166). Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for baseline risk and severity of illness, was used to assess the independent effect of BAC on outcome (using the no BAC group as the reference). Overall six-month mortality was 25% and unfavorable outcome was 46%. Multivariate analysis showed low BAC to independently reduce risk of six-month mortality compared with no BAC (low BAC adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.88, p=0.021) and high BAC (AOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.29-1.15, p=0.120). Furthermore, a trend towards reduced risk of six-month unfavorable neurological outcome for patients with positive BAC, compared to patients with negative BAC, was noted, although this did not reach statistical significance (low BAC AOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34-1.22, p=0.178, and high BAC AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.32-1.09, p=0.089). In conclusion, low admission BAC (<2.3‰) was found to independently reduce risk of six-month mortality for patients with TBI, and a trend towards improved long-term neurological outcome was found for BAC-positive patients. The role of alcohol as a neuroprotective agent warrants further studies.
| S-EPMC4291208 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC10950742 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although accumulating evidence suggests that repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) may cause long-term cognitive dysfunction in adults, whether rmTBI causes similar deficits in the immature brain is unknown. Here we used an experimental model of rmTBI in the immature brain to answer this question. Post-natal day (PND) 18 rats were subjected to either one, two, or three mild TBIs (mTBI) or an equivalent number of sham insults 24 h apart. After one or two mTBIs or sham insults, histology was evaluated at 7 days. After three mTBIs or sham insults, motor (d1-5), cognitive (d11-92), and histological (d21-92) outcome was evaluated. At 7 days, silver degeneration staining revealed axonal argyrophilia in the external capsule and corpus callosum after a single mTBI, with a second impact increasing axonal injury. Iba-1 immunohistochemistry showed amoeboid shaped microglia within the amygdalae bilaterally after mTBI. After three mTBI, there were no differences in beam balance, Morris water maze, and elevated plus maze performance versus sham. The rmTBI rats, however, showed impairment in novel object recognition and fear conditioning. Axonal silver staining was observed only in the external capsule on d21. Iba-1 staining did not reveal activated microglia on d21 or d92. In conclusion, mTBI results in traumatic axonal injury and microglial activation in the immature brain with repeated impact exacerbating axonal injury. The rmTBI in the immature brain leads to long-term associative learning deficit in adulthood. Defining the mechanisms damage from rmTBI in the developing brain could be vital for identification of therapies for children.
| S-EPMC4827290 | biostudies-literature
Project description:For patients surviving serious traumatic brain injury (TBI), families and other stakeholders often desire information on long-term functional prognosis, but accurate and easy-to-use clinical tools are lacking. We aimed to build utilitarian decision trees from commonly collected clinical variables to predict Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) functional levels at 1, 2, and 5 years after moderate-to-severe closed TBI. Flexible classification tree statistical modeling was used on prospectively collected data from the TBI-Model Systems (TBIMS) inception cohort study. Enrollments occurred at 17 designated, or previously designated, TBIMS inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Analysis included all participants with nonpenetrating TBI injured between January 1997 and January 2017. Sample sizes were 10,125 (year-1), 8,821 (year-2), and 6,165 (year-5) after cross-sectional exclusions (death, vegetative state, insufficient post-injury time, and unavailable outcome). In our final models, post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) duration consistently dominated branching hierarchy and was the lone injury characteristic significantly contributing to GOS predictability. Lower-order variables that added predictability were age, pre-morbid education, productivity, and occupational category. Generally, patient outcomes improved with shorter PTA, younger age, greater pre-morbid productivity, and higher pre-morbid vocational or educational achievement. Across all prognostic groups, the best and worst good recovery rates were 65.7% and 10.9%, respectively, and the best and worst severe disability rates were 3.9% and 64.1%. Predictability in test data sets ranged from C-statistic of 0.691 (year-1; confidence interval [CI], 0.675, 0.711) to 0.731 (year-2; CI, 0.724, 0.738). In conclusion, we developed a clinically useful tool to provide prognostic information on long-term functional outcomes for adult survivors of moderate and severe closed TBI. Predictive accuracy for GOS level was demonstrated in an independent test sample. Length of PTA, a clinical marker of injury severity, was by far the most critical outcome determinant.
| S-EPMC6016099 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeRecombinant erythropoietin (EPO) administered for traumatic brain injury (TBI) may increase short-term survival, but the long-term effect is unknown.MethodsWe conducted a pre-planned long-term follow-up of patients in the multicentre erythropoietin in TBI trial (2010-2015). We invited survivors to follow-up and evaluated survival and functional outcome with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) (categories 5-8 = good outcome), and secondly, with good outcome determined relative to baseline function (sliding scale). We used survival analysis to assess time to death and absolute risk differences (ARD) to assess favorable outcomes. We categorized TBI severity with the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI model. Heterogeneity of treatment effects were assessed with interaction p-values based on the following a priori defined subgroups, the severity of TBI, and the presence of an intracranial mass lesion and multi-trauma in addition to TBI.ResultsOf 603 patients in the original trial, 487 patients had survival data; 356 were included in the follow-up at a median of 6 years from injury. There was no difference between treatment groups for patient survival [EPO vs placebo hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 (0.47-1.14) p = 0.17]. Good outcome rates were 110/175 (63%) in the EPO group vs 100/181 (55%) in the placebo group (ARD 8%, 95% CI [Formula: see text] 3 to 18%, p = 0.14). When good outcome was determined relative to baseline risk, the EPO groups had better GOSE (sliding scale ARD 12%, 95% CI 2-22%, p = 0.02). When considering long-term patient survival, there was no evidence for heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) according to severity of TBI (p = 0.85), presence of an intracranial mass lesion (p = 0.48), or whether the patient had multi-trauma in addition to TBI (p = 0.08). Similarly, no evidence of treatment heterogeneity was seen for the effect of EPO on functional outcome.ConclusionEPO neither decreased overall long-term mortality nor improved functional outcome in moderate or severe TBI patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). The limited sample size makes it difficult to make final conclusions about the use of EPO in TBI.
| S-EPMC10353955 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveExamining the size and reactivity of the pupils of traumatic brain injury coma patients is fundamental in the Neuro-intensive care unit (ICU). Pupil parameters on admission predict long-term clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the dynamics of pupillary parameters and their potential value for outcome prediction.MethodsThis study applied a time-course analysis of pupillary signals (size and photo-reactivity) in acute traumatic brain injury coma patients (n = 20) to predict outcome at 6 months.ResultsThe time course of pupillary signals was informative in discriminating favorable (F) versus unfavorable (U) outcomes, with the highest correlation within the 1st week notwithstanding pharmacological sedation. Patients with favorable outcome at 6 months showed more consistent in time isochoric and photo-reactive pupils. In contrast, patients with an unfavorable outcome showed more variable measures that tended to stabilize toward pathological values.InterpretationTime-dependent tracking of pupils' size and reactivity is a promising application for ICU monitoring and long-term prognosis. These findings support the usefulness of automatic tools for the dynamic, quantitative, and objective measurements of pupils.
| S-EPMC10578890 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionChronic neuroinflammation can exist for months to years following traumatic brain injury (TBI), although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.MethodsIn the current study, we used a controlled cortical impact mouse model of TBI to examine whether proinflammatory senescent cells are present in the brain long-term (months) after TBI and whether ablation of these cells via administration of senolytic drugs can improve long-term functional outcome after TBI. The results revealed that astrocytes and microglia in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum and lateral posterior thalamus colocalized the senescent cell markers, p16Ink4a or p21Cip1/Waf1 at 5 weeks post injury (5wpi) and 4 months post injury (4mpi) in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. Intermittent administration of the senolytic drugs, dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q) beginning 1-month after TBI for 13 weeks significantly ablated p16Ink4a-positive- and p21Cip1/Waf1-positive-cells in the brain of TBI animals, and significantly reduced expression of the major senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) pro-inflammatory factors, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. Senolytic treatment also significantly attenuated neurodegeneration and enhanced neuron number at 18 weeks after TBI in the ipsilateral cortex, hippocampus, and lateral posterior thalamus. Behavioral testing at 18 weeks after TBI further revealed that senolytic therapy significantly rescued defects in spatial reference memory and recognition memory, as well as depression-like behavior in TBI mice.DiscussionTaken as a whole, these findings indicate there is robust and widespread induction of senescent cells in the brain long-term after TBI, and that senolytic drug treatment begun 1-month after TBI can efficiently ablate the senescent cells, reduce expression of proinflammatory SASP factors, reduce neurodegeneration, and rescue defects in reference memory, recognition memory, and depressive behavior.
| S-EPMC10416099 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is underreported in craniofacial trauma patients, and the long-term morbidity of TBI associated with craniofacial trauma is poorly defined. Current literature is limited in scope to TBI identification in the immediate posttrauma time frame.MethodsA retrospective, cohort analysis of adult facial fracture patients presenting from February 2022 to February 2023 was performed. Data were collected for demographics, mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, Glasgow Coma Score, admission status, operative intervention, and concomitant injuries. Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire surveys were given for evaluation of TBI symptoms at most recent follow-up. Statistical significance was accepted when the P value was less than 0.05.ResultsOf 232 facial fracture patients, 82 (35%) completed the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. The mean age was 49.8 years, and mean follow-up time was 11.6 months (range, 2-22 mo). The rate of all patients with TBI symptoms at follow-up was 32.9%. Mechanism of injury, presence of multiple fractures, Glasgow Coma Score less than 15, concomitant injuries, and admission status were not significant predictors of TBI. Fractures requiring operative intervention had higher rates of TBI compared with nonoperative fractures (47.1% versus 22.9%, P = 0.02). Operative intervention was the only significant predictor of TBI symptoms at the time of follow-up (odds ratio: 6.268; 95% confidence interval: 1.322-29.744; P = 0.021) by multivariable logistic regression.ConclusionsCraniofacial trauma is associated with persistent TBI symptoms. Surgeons treating this trauma population should screen for TBI to facilitate disease identification and specialty referral.
| S-EPMC11578202 | biostudies-literature