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Frequent reassortment among influenza C viruses.

ABSTRACT: In a 9-year survey from December 1990 to December 1999 in Sendai City, Japan, we succeeded in isolating a total of 45 strains of influenza C virus. These 45 strains were isolated in clusters within 4 months in a year, especially from winter to early summer. Previous studies of the hemagglutinin-esterase genes of various influenza C virus isolates revealed the existence of five distinct virus lineages (Aichi/1/81-, Yamagata/26/81-, Mississippi/80-, Sao Paulo/82-, and Kanagawa/1/76-related lineage) in Japan between 1970 and the early 1990s (Y. Matsuzaki, K. Mizuta, H. Kimura, K. Sugawara, E. Tsuchiya, H. Suzuki, S. Hongo, and K. Nakamura, J. Gen. Virol. 81:1447-1452, 2000). Antigenic and genetic analyses of the 45 strains showed that they could be divided into these five virus lineages and a few antigenic groups were cocirculating in Sendai City. In 1990 and 1991 the dominant antigenic group was the Aichi/1/81 virus group, and in 1992 it was Yamagata/26/81 virus group. The Mississippi/80 virus group was isolated from 1993 to 1996, and the Yamagata/26/81 virus group reemerged in 1996 and continued to circulate until 1999. This finding led us to a speculation that the replacement of the dominant antigenic groups had occurred by immune selection within the human population in the restricted area. Phylogenetic analysis of seven RNA segments showed that 44 viruses among the 45 strains isolated in our surveillance work were reassortant viruses that have various genome compositions distinguishable from those of the reference strains of the each lineage. This observation suggests that the reassortment between two different influenza C virus strains occurs frequently in nature and the genome composition of influenza C viruses may influence their ability to spread in humans.

SUBMITTER: Matsuzaki Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC140804 | biostudies-literature | 2003 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Frequent reassortment among influenza C viruses.

Matsuzaki Y Y Mizuta K K Sugawara K K Tsuchiya E E Muraki Y Y Hongo S S Suzuki H H Nishimura H H

Journal of virology 20030101 2

In a 9-year survey from December 1990 to December 1999 in Sendai City, Japan, we succeeded in isolating a total of 45 strains of influenza C virus. These 45 strains were isolated in clusters within 4 months in a year, especially from winter to early summer. Previous studies of the hemagglutinin-esterase genes of various influenza C virus isolates revealed the existence of five distinct virus lineages (Aichi/1/81-, Yamagata/26/81-, Mississippi/80-, Sao Paulo/82-, and Kanagawa/1/76-related lineage ...[more]

PMID: 12502803

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Project description:Since influenza C virus was first isolated in 1947, the virus has been only occasionally isolated by cell culture; there are only four strains for which complete genome sequences are registered. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes, ranging from the first isolate from 1947 to recent isolates from 2014, to determine the genetic lineages of influenza C virus, the reassortment events, and the rates of nucleotide substitution. The results showed that there are six lineages, named C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata, C/Kanagawa, and C/Sao Paulo. They contain both antigenic and genetic lineages of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene, and the internal genes PB2, PB1, P3, NP, M, and NS are divided into two major lineages, a C/Mississippi/80-related lineage and a C/Yamagata/81-related lineage. Reassortment events were found over the entire period of 68 years. Several outbreaks of influenza C virus between 1990 and 2014 in Japan consisted of reassortant viruses, suggesting that the genomic constellation is related to influenza C virus epidemics. The nucleotide sequences were highly homologous to each other. The minimum percent identity between viruses ranged from 91.1% for the HE gene to 96.1% for the M gene, and the rate of nucleotide substitution for the HE gene was the highest, at 5.20 × 10(-4) substitutions/site/year. These results indicate that reassortment is an important factor that increases the genetic diversity of influenza C virus, resulting in its ability to prevail in humans. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus is a pathogen that causes acute respiratory illness in children and results in hospitalization of infants. We previously demonstrated (Y. Matsuzaki et al., J Clin Virol 61:87-93, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.017) that periodic epidemics of this virus occurred in Japan between 1996 and 2014 and that replacement of the dominant antigenic group occurred every several years as a result of selection by herd immunity. However, the antigenicity of the HE glycoprotein is highly stable, and antigenic drift has not occurred for at least 30 years. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes spanning 68 years for the first time, and we found that influenza C viruses are circulating worldwide while undergoing reassortment as well as selection by herd immunity, resulting in an increased ability to prevail in humans. The results presented in this study contribute to the understanding of the evolution, including reassortment events, underlying influenza C virus epidemics.

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Frequent reassortment among influenza C viruses.

Publications

Frequent reassortment among influenza C viruses.

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