CD4+ regulatory T cell responses induced by T cell vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hong J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1458788 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Multiple candidate vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus infections have failed in clinical trials. Analysis of a recent prematurely halted vaccine trial revealed increased mortality rates among vaccine recipients in whom postsurgical S. aureus infection developed, emphasizing the potential for induction of detrimental immune responses and the need to better understand the requirements for protective immunity against S. aureus. These failures of single-antigen vaccines have prompted ongoing development of multicomponent vaccines to target the multitude of S. aureus virulence factors. In the current study, we used lethally irradiated S. aureus as a model multicomponent vaccine and showed that vaccination of mice decreased survival in a bacteremia challenge model. These deleterious effects were due to a CD4 T-cell-dependent interferon γ response and could be prevented by inhibiting development of this response during vaccination. Our results identify the potential for vaccination to induce pathological immune responses, and they have implications for recent vaccine failures and the design of future staphylococcal vaccines.
| S-EPMC5853805 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe COVID-19 epidemic raises important questions about the efficacy of vaccines for people treated with ocrelizumab, an anti-CD20 therapy. Ocrelizumab has been shown to reduce the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, but the T-cell response to vaccination has not been fully characterized. We sought to provide data regarding B and T-cell mediated responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in ocrelizumab-treated patients, and to determine what variables correlate with vaccine immunogenicity. We hypothesized that patients without a humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination would still have intact T-cell responses.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, observational, single center cohort study of patients with MS treated with either ocrelizumab or natalizumab as a comparator between March 2, 2021, and July 1, 2021. Eligible patients were age 18 to 55 and had no known prior infection with, or vaccination against, SARS-CoV-2. Patients with prior use of immunosuppressive or chemotherapeutic agents, or treatment with any anti-CD20 therapy other than ocrelizumab within 12 months of enrollment, were excluded. The Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay was performed prior to and 3-4 weeks post vaccination to evaluate the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG. The Adaptive Biotechnologies T-Detect COVID Test was performed to evaluate the adaptive T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in OCR-treated patients with no detectable antibodies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank sum.ResultsForty-eight patients were enrolled in the study, 69% treated with ocrelizumab and 31% treated with natalizumab. Eighteen percent of ocrelizumab and 100% of natalizumab patients had a positive antibody response. In ocrelizumab-treated patients, there was no correlation between age, sex, BMI, total number of infusions, immunoglobulin G, CD19, or absolute lymphocyte count and antibody response. There was a trend suggesting that a longer interval between the last infusion and vaccination increased the likelihood of producing antibodies (P = 0.062). All ocrelizumab patients with negative antibody responses had positive T-cell responses.ConclusionsTreatment with ocrelizumab substantially impaired the humoral response to SAR-CoV-2 vaccination but did not impair T-cell responses. Further research is needed to determine if the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is sufficient to prevent infection or reduce severity of COVID in patients who did not produce antibodies.
| S-EPMC8575541 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder marked by accumulating immune-mediated damage to the central nervous system. The dysregulated immune system in MS combined with immune effects of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used in MS treatment could alter responses to infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of the literature on immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination, in both the general population and patients with MS on DMTs, has focused on humoral immunity. However, immune response to COVID-19 involves multiple lines of defense, including T cells.Objective and methodsWe review innate and adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and expand on the role of T cells in mediating protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in responses to COVID-19 vaccination in MS.ResultsInnate, humoral, and T cell immune responses combat COVID-19 and generate protective immunity. Assays detecting cytokine expression by T cells show an association between SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses and milder/asymptomatic COVID-19 and protective immune memory.ConclusionStudies of COVID-19 immunity in people with MS on DMTs should ideally include comprehensive assessment of innate, humoral, and T cell responses.
| S-EPMC9708532 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundImproved vaccination strategies against tuberculosis are needed, such as approaches to boost immunity induced by the current vaccine, BCG. Design of these strategies has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of the kinetics of the human host response induced by neonatal BCG vaccination. Furthermore, the functional and phenotypic attributes of BCG-induced long-lived memory T-cell responses remain unclear.MethodsWe assessed the longitudinal CD4 T-cell response following BCG vaccination of human newborns. The kinetics, function, and phenotype of these cells were measured using flow cytometric whole-blood assays.ResultsWe showed that the BCG-specific CD4 T-cell response peaked 6-10 weeks after vaccination and gradually waned over the first year of life. Highly activated T-helper 1 cells, predominantly expressing interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and/or interleukin 2, were present at the peak response. Following contraction, BCG-specific CD4 T cells expressed high levels of Bcl-2 and displayed a predominant CD45RACCR7 central memory phenotype. However, cytokine and cytotoxic marker expression by these cells was more characteristic of effector memory cells.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that boosting of BCG-primed CD4 T cells with heterologous tuberculosis vaccines may be best after 14 weeks of age, once an established memory response has developed.
| S-EPMC3583271 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Studying the activity of homogeneous regulatory T cell (Treg) populations will advance our understanding of their mechanisms of action and their role in human disease. Although isolating human Tregs exhibiting low expression of CD127 markedly increases purity, the resulting Treg populations are still heterogeneous. To examine the complexity of the Tregs defined by the CD127 phenotype in comparison with the previously described CD4(+)CD25(hi) subpopulations, we subdivided the CD25(hi) population of memory Tregs into subsets based on expression of CD127 and HLA-DR. These subsets exhibited differences in suppressive capacity, ability to secrete IL-10 and IL-17, Foxp3 gene methylation, cellular senescence, and frequency in neonatal and adult blood. The mature, short telomere, effector CD127(lo)HLA-DR(+) cells most strongly suppressed effector T cells within 48 h, whereas the less mature CD127(lo)HLA-DR(-) cells required 96 h to reach full suppressive capacity. In contrast, whereas the CD127(+)HLA-DR(-) cells also suppressed proliferation of effector cells, they could alternate between suppression or secretion of IL-17 depending upon the stimulation signals. When isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis, both the nonmature and the effector subsets of memory CD127(lo) Tregs exhibited kinetically distinct defects in suppression that were evident with CD2 costimulation. These data demonstrate that natural and not induced Tregs are less suppressive in patients with multiple sclerosis.
| S-EPMC4467560 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were treated with a cellular vaccine, which consisted of autologous collagen-reactive T-cells. This study showed that antigen-specific proliferative activity of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly downregulated after T-cell vaccination in RA patients. T-cell vaccination resulted in a statistically significant decrease in plasma IFNγ levels and a concomitant increase in IL-4 levels in treated patients. Accordingly, following T-cell vaccination the number of IFNγ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells was decreased by 1.6-1.8-fold, which was paralleled by 1.7-fold increases in IL-4-producing CD4(+) T-cells. In addition, the present study showed 5-7-fold increase in the CD8(+)CD45RO(+)CD62L(-) effector memory T-cells and central memory T-cells (both CD4(+) CD45RO(+)CD62L(+) T-cells and CD8(+)CD45RO(+)CD62L(+) T-cells) in RA patients, as compared with healthy individuals. We observed significant reduction in CD4(+) and CD8(+) central memory T-cells, as well as reduction in CD8(+) effector memory T-cells in vaccinated patients in the course of the treatment. We also demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T-cell levels were significantly up-regulated in the peripheral blood of RA patients following T-cell vaccination. However, CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) Т-cell levels did not significantly change during the entire T-cell vaccination course. In conclusion, the T-cell immunotherapy regimen used resulted in the clinical improvement, which was achieved in 87% patients.
| S-EPMC4896593 | biostudies-other
Project description:The objective of the present study was to identify the frequency of MS patients in Latin America (LATAM) that received the influenza vaccine during the most recent season and the reasons related to non-vaccination. Cross-sectional study between November and December 2020 in a large cohort of MS patients from LATAM. Patients responded about recommendation of receiving influenza vaccine and the use of it as well as reasons for not using the vaccine. Four hundred twelve MS patients were included in the analysis. 47.3% of patients were recommended to receive the vaccine from the treating physician. Nearly 54% of patients did not receive the influenza vaccine, and the most frequent cause was that it was neither recommended nor mentioned by the treating physician (27.4%). Female gender (OR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.4-3.8, p = 0.001) was associated with an increased risk of recommendation, while a progressive form of MS and higher EDSS decreased the risk (OR = 0.49, 95%CI 0.27-0.90, p = 0.023; OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.55-0.97, p = 0.02, respectively). Despite the evidence to recommend the influenza vaccine in MS patients, a limited number of patients in clinical practice received such recommendation.
| S-EPMC8480125 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundT-cell vaccination (TCV) for multiple sclerosis (MS) refers to treatment with autologous anti-myelin T-cells, attenuated by irradiation. Previously published clinical trials have been all open-labeled.AimTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of TCV in progressive MS, in a double-blind, controlled clinical trial.MethodologyTwenty-six patients with relapsing-progressive MS were enrolled in the study (mean age: 39±9.8 years; mean EDSS: 4.4±1.7). T-cell lines reactive to 9 different peptides of the myelin antigens, MBP, MOG and PLP were raised from the patients' peripheral blood. The patients were randomized into two groups: 19 were treated with TCV (four subcutaneous injections of 10-30×10(6) T-cells, attenuated by irradiation, on days 1, 30, 90 and 180) and 7 patients were treated with sham injections. Twenty-four patients (17 in the TCV group and 7 in the placebo) were eligible for per-protocol analysis.ResultsAt one year following the inclusion, an increase in the EDSS (+0.50) and an increase in 10-meter walking time (+0.18 sec), were observed in the placebo group; in the TCV group there was a decrease in the EDSS (-0.44; p<0.01) and in the 10-meter walking time (0.84 sec; p<0.005). Sixteen of the 17 patients (94.1%) in the TCV group remained relapse-free during the year of the study, as compared to 42.9% in the placebo group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 with adjustment). The proportion of patients with any relapse during the year of the study in the TCV-group, was reduced by 89.6%., as compared to the placebo-treated group. MRI parameters did not change significantly.ConclusionsThis is the first controlled, double-blind trial with TCV in progressive MS. The results demonstrate the feasibility and safety of the procedure, and provide significant indications of clinical efficacy. Further studies with larger groups of subjects are warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01448252.
| S-EPMC3522721 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We analyzed the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin secretion and the interaction between serum leptin and CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T cells (T(Regs)) in naive-to-therapy relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. Leptin production was significantly increased in both serum and CSF of RRMS patients and correlated with IFN-gamma secretion in the CSF. T cell lines against human myelin basic protein (hMBP) produced immunoreactive leptin and up-regulated the expression of the leptin receptor (ObR) after activation with hMBP. Treatment with either anti-leptin or anti-leptin-receptor neutralizing antibodies inhibited in vitro proliferation in response to hMBP. Interestingly, in the RRMS patients, an inverse correlation between serum leptin and percentage of circulating T(Regs) was also observed. To better analyze the finding, we enumerated T(Regs) in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and leptin-receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and observed the significant increase in T(Regs). Moreover, treatment of WT mice with soluble ObR fusion protein (ObR:Fc) increased the percentage of T(Regs) and ameliorated the clinical course and progression of disease in proteolipid protein peptide (PLP(139-151))-induced relapsing-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE), an animal model of RRMS. These findings show an inverse relationship between leptin secretion and the frequency of T(Regs) in RRMS and may have implications for the pathogenesis of and therapy for multiple sclerosis.
| S-EPMC555982 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundVaccination campaign to contrast the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the issue of vaccine immunogenicity in special populations such as people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) on highly effective disease modifying treatments (DMTs). While humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have been well characterized in the general population and in PwMS, very little is known about cell-mediated responses in conferring protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).MethodsPwMS on ocrelizumab, fingolimod or natalizumab, vaccinated with two doses of mRNABNT162b2 (Comirnaty®) vaccine were enrolled. Anti-Spike (S) and anti-Nucleoprotein (N) antibody titers, IFN-gamma production upon S and N peptide libraries stimulation, peripheral blood lymphocyte absolute counts were assessed after at least 1 month and within 4 months from vaccine second dose administration. A group of age and sex matched healthy donors (HD) were included as reference group. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.2.1.ResultsThirty PwMS and 9 HDs were enrolled. All the patients were negative for anti-N antibody detection, nor reported previous symptoms of COVID-19. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts were assessed in PwMS showing: (i) reduction of circulating B-lymphocytes in PwMS on ocrelizumab; (ii) reduction of peripheral blood B- and T-lymphocyte absolute counts in PwMS on fingolimod and (iii) normal B- and T-lymphocyte absolute counts with an increase in circulating CD16+CD56+ NK-cells in PwMS on natalizumab. Three patterns of immunological responses were identified in PwMS. In patients on ocrelizumab, anti-S antibody were lacking or reduced, while T-cell responses were normal. In patients on fingolimod both anti-S titers and T-cell mediated responses were impaired. In patients on natalizumab both anti-S titers and T-cell responses were present and comparable to those observed in HD.ConclusionsThe evaluation of T-cell responses, anti-S titers and peripheral blood lymphocyte absolute count in PwMS on DMTs can help to better characterize the immunological response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The evaluation of T-cell responses in longitudinal cohorts of PwMS will help to clarify their protective role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19. The correlation between DMT treatment and immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could help to better evaluate vaccination strategies in PwMS.
| S-EPMC8801814 | biostudies-literature