A novel class of gene controlling virulence in plant pathogenic ascomycete fungi.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lu SW
PROVIDER: S-EPMC156312 | biostudies-literature | 2003 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
A novel class of gene controlling virulence in plant pathogenic ascomycete fungi.
Lu Shun-Wen SW Kroken Scott S Lee Bee-Na BN Robbertse Barbara B Churchill Alice C L AC Yoder O C OC Turgeon B Gillian BG
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20030502 10
Insertional mutants of the fungal maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus were screened for altered virulence. One mutant had 60% reduction in lesion size relative to WT but no other detectable change in phenotype. Analysis of sequence at the insertion site revealed a gene (CPS1) encoding a protein with two AMP-binding domains. CPS1 orthologs were detected in all Cochliobolus spp. examined, in several other classes of ascomycete fungi, and in animals but not in basidiomycete fungi, bacteria, ...[more]
Similar Datasets
Project description:UnlabelledMembers of the family Partitiviridae have bisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes and are not generally known to cause obvious symptoms in their natural hosts. An unusual partitivirus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum partitivirus 1 (SsPV1/WF-1), conferred hypovirulence on its natural plant-pathogenic fungal host, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain WF-1. Cellular organelles, including mitochondria, were severely damaged. Hypovirulence and associated traits of strain WF-1 and SsPV1/WF-1 were readily cotransmitted horizontally via hyphal contact to different vegetative compatibility groups of S. sclerotiorum and interspecifically to Sclerotinia nivalis and Sclerotinia minor. S. sclerotiorum strain 1980 transfected with purified SsPV1/WF-1 virions also exhibited hypovirulence and associated traits similar to those of strain WF-1. Moreover, introduction of purified SsPV1/WF-1 virions into strain KY-1 of Botrytis cinerea also resulted in reductions in virulence and mycelial growth and, unexpectedly, enhanced conidial production. However, virus infection suppressed hyphal growth of most germinating conidia of B. cinerea and was eventually lethal to infected hyphae, since very few new colonies could develop following germ tube formation. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that SsPV1/WF-1 causes hypovirulence in Sclerotinia spp. and B. cinerea. Cryo-EM (cryo-electron microscopy) reconstruction of the SsPV1 particle shows that it has a distinct structure with similarity to the closely related partitiviruses Fusarium poae virus 1 and Penicillium stoloniferum virus F. These findings provide new insights into partitivirus biological activities and clues about molecular interactions between partitiviruses and their hosts.ImportanceMembers of the Partitiviridae are believed to occur commonly in their phytopathogenic fungal and plant hosts. However, most partitiviruses examined so far appear to be associated with latent infections. Here we report a partitivirus, SsPV1/WF-1, that was isolated from a hypovirulent strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and describe its biological and molecular features. We have demonstrated that SsPV1 confers hypovirulence. Furthermore, SsPV1 can infect and cause hypovirulence in Botrytis cinerea. Our study also suggests that SsPV1 has a vigorous ability to proliferate and spread via hyphal contact. SsPV1 can overcome vegetative incompatibility barriers and can be transmitted horizontally among different vegetative compatibility groups of S. sclerotiorum, even interspecifically. Cryo-EM reconstruction of SsPV1 shows that it has a distinct structure with similarity to closely related partitiviruses. Our studies exploit a novel system, SsPV1 and its hosts, which can provide the means to explore the mechanisms by which partitiviruses interact with their hosts.
| S-EPMC4136314 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fungal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass requires various (hemi-)cellulases and plays key roles in biological carbon cycle. Although cellulases induction recently described in some saprobic filamentous fungi, regulation of cellulase transcription has not been studied thoroughly. Here, we identified and characterized the novel cellulase regulation factors clr-4 in Neurospora crassa and its ortholog Mtclr-4 in Myceliophthora thermophila. Deletion of clr-4 and Mtclr-4 displayed similarly defective phenotypes in cellulolytic enzymes production and activities. Transcriptomics analysis of Δclr-4/ΔMtclr-4 revealed down-regulation of not only encoding genes of (hemi-)cellulases and pivotal regulators (clr-1, clr-2 and xyr-1), but also the key genes of cAMP signaling pathway such as adenylate cyclase cr-1. Consistently, the significant decreased levels of intracellular cAMP were observed in Δclr-4/ΔMtclr-4 compared to wild-type during cellulose utilization. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) verified that CLR-4 could directly bind to the promoter regions of adenylyl cyclase (Nccr-1) and cellulose regulator clr-1, while MtCLR-4 bind to upstream regions of adenylyl cyclase Mtcr-1 and biomass deconstruction regulators Mtclr-2 and Mtxyr-1. Concluded, the novel cellulase expression regulators (CLR-4/MtCLR-4) findings here significantly enrich our understanding of the regulatory network of cellulose degradation and provide new targets for industrial fungi strain engineering for plant biomass deconstruction in biorefinery.
2021-03-18 | GSE111986 | GEO
Project description:In response to infection, plants can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to restrict pathogen invasion. In turn, adapted pathogens have evolved a counteracting mechanism of enzymatic ROS detoxification, but how it is activated remains elusive. Here, we show that in the tomato vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) this process is initiated by deacetylation of the FolSrpk1 kinase. Upon ROS exposure, Fol decreases FolSrpk1 acetylation on the K304 residue by altering the expression of the acetylation-controlling enzymes. Deacetylated FolSrpk1 disassociates from the cytoplasmic FolAha1 protein, thus enabling its nuclear translocation. Increased accumulation of FolSrpk1 in the nucleus allows for hyperphosphorylation of its phosphorylation target FolSr1 that subsequently enhances transcription of different types of antioxidant enzymes. Secretion of these enzymes removes plant-produced H2O2, and enables successful Fol invasion. Deacetylation of FolSrpk1 homologs has a similar function in Botrytis cinerea and likely other fungal pathogens. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism for initiation of ROS detoxification upon plant fungal infection.
| S-SCDT-10_15252-EMBJ_2022112634 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundGene loss, inversions, translocations, and other chromosomal rearrangements vary among species, resulting in different rates of structural genome evolution. Major chromosomal rearrangements are rare in most eukaryotes, giving large regions with the same genes in the same order and orientation across species. These regions of macrosynteny have been very useful for locating homologous genes in different species and to guide the assembly of genome sequences. Previous analyses in the fungi have indicated that macrosynteny is rare; instead, comparisons across species show no synteny or only microsyntenic regions encompassing usually five or fewer genes. To test the hypothesis that chromosomal evolution is different in the fungi compared to other eukaryotes, synteny was compared between species of the major fungal taxa.ResultsThese analyses identified a novel form of evolution in which genes are conserved within homologous chromosomes, but with randomized orders and orientations. This mode of evolution is designated mesosynteny, to differentiate it from micro- and macrosynteny seen in other organisms. Mesosynteny is an alternative evolutionary pathway very different from macrosyntenic conservation. Surprisingly, mesosynteny was not found in all fungal groups. Instead, mesosynteny appears to be restricted to filamentous Ascomycetes and was most striking between species in the Dothideomycetes.ConclusionsThe existence of mesosynteny between relatively distantly related Ascomycetes could be explained by a high frequency of chromosomal inversions, but translocations must be extremely rare. The mechanism for this phenomenon is not known, but presumably involves generation of frequent inversions during meiosis.
| S-EPMC3219968 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Isolates of a variety of fungal plant pathogens (Alternaria radicina ICMP 5619, Cercospora beticola ICMP 15907, Dactylonectria macrodidyma ICMP 16789, D. torresensis ICMP 20542, Ilyonectria europaea ICMP 16794, and I. liriodendra ICMP 16795) were screened for antimicrobial activity against the human pathogenic bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium abscessus, and M. marinum and were found to have some activity. Investigation of the secondary metabolites of these fungal isolates led to the isolation of ten natural products (1-10) of which one was novel, (E)-4,7-dihydroxyoct-2-enoic acid (1). Structure elucidation of all natural products was achieved by a combination of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. We also investigated the antimicrobial activity of a number of the isolated natural products. While we did not find (E)-4,7-dihydroxyoct-2-enoic acid (1) to have any activity against the bacteria and fungi in our assays, we did find that cercosporin (7) exhibited potent activity against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), dehydro-curvularin (6) and radicicol (10) exhibited antimycobacterial activity against M. marinum, and brefeldin A (8) and radicicol (10) exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Investigation of the cytotoxicity and haemolytic activities of these natural products (6-8 and 10) found that only one of the four active compounds, radicicol (10), was non-cytotoxic and non-haemolytic.
| S-EPMC9920077 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Accurate delimitation of plant pathogenic fungi is critical for the establishment of quarantine regulations, screening for genetic resistance to plant pathogens, and the study of ecosystem function. Concatenation analysis of multi-locus DNA sequence data represents a powerful and commonly used approach to recognizing evolutionary independent lineages in fungi. It is however possible to mask the discordance between individual gene trees, thus the speciation events might be erroneously estimated if one simply recognizes well supported clades as distinct species without implementing a careful examination of species boundary. To investigate this phenomenon, we studied Colletotrichum siamense s. lat., which is a cosmopolitan pathogen causing serious diseases on many economically important plant hosts. Presently there are significant disagreements among mycologists as to what constitutes a species in C. siamense s. lat., with the number of accepted species ranging from one to seven.In this study, multiple approaches were used to test the null hypothesis "C. siamense is a species complex", using a global strain collection. Results of molecular analyses based on the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) and coalescent methods (e.g. Generalized Mixed Yule-coalescent and Poisson Tree Processes) do not support the recognition of any independent evolutionary lineages within C. siamense s. lat. as distinct species, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. This conclusion is reinforced by the recognition of genetic recombination, cross fertility, and the comparison of ecological and morphological characters. Our results indicate that reproductive isolation, geographic and host plant barriers to gene flow are absent in C. siamense s. lat.This discovery emphasized the importance of a polyphasic approach when describing novel species in morphologically conserved genera of plant pathogenic fungi.
| S-EPMC4832473 | biostudies-other
Project description:Rational engineering of filamentous fungi for improved cellulase production is hampered by our incomplete knowledge of transcriptional regulatory networks. We therefore used the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa to search for uncharacterized transcription factors associated with cellulose deconstruction. A screen of a N. crassa transcription factor deletion collection identified two uncharacterized zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors (clr-1 and clr-2) that were required for growth and enzymatic activity on cellulose, but were not required for growth or hemicellulase activity on xylan. Transcriptional profiling with next-generation sequencing methods refined our understanding of the N. crassa transcriptional response to cellulose and demonstrated that clr-1 and clr-2 were required for the bulk of that response, including induction of all major cellulase and some major hemicellulase genes. Functional CLR-1 was necessary for expression of clr-2 and efficient cellobiose utilization. Phylogenetic analyses showed that CLR-1 and CLR-2 are conserved in the genomes of most filamentous ascomycete fungi capable of degrading cellulose. In Aspergillus nidulans, a strain carrying a deletion of the clr-2 homolog (clrB) failed to induce cellulase gene expression and lacked cellulolytic activity on Avicel. Further manipulation of this control system in industrial production strains may significantly improve yields of cellulases for cellulosic biofuel production.
| S-EPMC3358856 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: The discovery and development of novel plant cell wall degrading enzymes is a key step towards more efficient depolymerization of polysaccharides to fermentable sugars for the production of liquid transportation biofuels and other bioproducts. The industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei is known to be highly cellulolytic and is a major industrial microbial source for commercial cellulases, xylanases and other cell wall degrading enzymes. However, enzyme-prospecting research continues to identify opportunities to enhance the activity of T. reesei enzyme preparations by supplementing with enzymatic diversity from other microbes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic potential of a broad range of plant pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi for their ability to degrade plant biomass and isolated polysaccharides. RESULTS: Large-scale screening identified a range of hydrolytic activities among 348 unique isolates representing 156 species of plant pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. Hierarchical clustering was used to identify groups of species with similar hydrolytic profiles. Among moderately and highly active species, plant pathogenic species were found to be more active than non-pathogens on six of eight substrates tested, with no significant difference seen on the other two substrates. Among the pathogenic fungi, greater hydrolysis was seen when they were tested on biomass and hemicellulose derived from their host plants (commelinoid monocot or dicot). Although T. reesei has a hydrolytic profile that is highly active on cellulose and pretreated biomass, it was less active than some natural isolates of fungi when tested on xylans and untreated biomass. CONCLUSIONS: Several highly active isolates of plant pathogenic fungi were identified, particularly when tested on xylans and untreated biomass. There were statistically significant preferences for biomass type reflecting the monocot or dicot host preference of the pathogen tested. These highly active fungi are promising targets for identification and characterization of novel cell wall degrading enzymes for industrial applications.
| S-EPMC3051899 | biostudies-other
Project description:Perylenequinones are a family of structurally related polyketide fungal toxins with nearly universal toxicity. These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment. The sugar beet pathogen Cercospora beticola secretes the perylenequinone cercosporin during infection. We have shown recently that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) gene cluster is present in several other phytopathogenic fungi, prompting the search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of structurally similar perylenequinones in other fungi. Here, we report the identification of the elsinochrome and phleichrome BGCs of Elsinoë fawcettii and Cladosporium phlei, respectively, based on gene cluster conservation with the CTB and hypocrellin BGCs. Furthermore, we show that previously reported BGCs for elsinochrome and phleichrome are involved in melanin production. Phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding melanin polyketide synthases (PKSs) and alignment of melanin BGCs revealed high conservation between the established and newly identified C. beticola, E. fawcettii and C. phlei melanin BGCs. Mutagenesis of the identified perylenequinone and melanin PKSs in C. beticola and E. fawcettii coupled with mass spectrometric metabolite analyses confirmed their roles in toxin and melanin production.
| S-EPMC7379194 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) protein is an important component of the post-translational protein modification systems in eukaryotic cells. It is known to modify hundreds of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes, ranging from nuclear pore dynamics to signal transduction pathways. Owing to its reversible nature, the SUMO-conjugation of proteins (SUMOylation) holds a prominent place among mechanisms that regulate the functions of a wide array of cellular proteins. The dysfunctional SUMOylation system has been associated with many human diseases, including neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an excellent model to advance our understanding of enzymes involved in SUMOylation and proteins modified by SUMOylation. Taking advantage of the tools and knowledge obtained from the S. cerevisiae SUMOylation system, research on fungal SUMOylation is beginning to gather pace, and new insights into the role of SUMOylation in the pathobiology of medically important fungi are emerging. Here, we summarize the known information on components of the SUMOylation machinery, and consequences of overexpression or deletion of these components in the human pathogenic fungi, with major focus on two prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogens, C. albicans and C. glabrata. Additionally, we have identified SUMOylation components, through in silico analysis, in four medically relevant fungi, and compared their sequence similarity with S. cerevisiae counterparts. SUMOylation modulates the virulence of C. albicans and C. glabrata, while it is required for conidia production in Aspergillus nidulans and A. flavus. In addition to highlighting these recent developments, we discuss how SUMOylation fine tunes the expression of virulence factors, and influences survival of fungal cells under diverse stresses in vitro and in the mammalian host.
| S-EPMC7096222 | biostudies-literature