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Cyclosporine A-induced renal fibrosis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

ABSTRACT: Cyclosporine A, which has been the foremost immunosuppressive agent since the early 1980's, significantly improves the success of organ transplantation. However, common complications of cyclosporine A therapy, such as severe renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, limit the drug's clinical use. Although the exact mechanisms driving cyclosporine A-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis remain elusive, we hypothesized that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a major role. We investigated this in vitro by treating human proximal tubular cells with cyclosporine A. Morphological changes were observed after cyclosporine A treatment, including cell elongation (with a large degree of detachment), cytoskeletal rearrangement, and junctional disruption. In addition, expression of the myofibroblast-specific marker alpha-smooth muscle actin was detected in treated cells. These observations are consistent with events described during EMT. Using Affymetrix gene microarrays, we identified 128 genes that were differentially regulated in renal tubular cells after cyclosporine A treatment, including known profibrotic factors, oncogenes, and transcriptional regulators. Cyclosporine A induced a dose-dependent increase in transforming growth factor-beta secretion from proximal tubular cells. Subsequent functional studies revealed that protein kinase C-beta isoforms play a key role in cyclosporine A-induced effects. These findings provide novel insights into cyclosporine A-induced renal fibrosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT, events that may be relevant in other disease states.

SUBMITTER: Slattery C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1603578 | biostudies-literature | 2005 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cyclosporine A-induced renal fibrosis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Slattery Craig C Campbell Eric E McMorrow Tara T Ryan Michael P MP

The American journal of pathology 20050801 2

Cyclosporine A, which has been the foremost immunosuppressive agent since the early 1980's, significantly improves the success of organ transplantation. However, common complications of cyclosporine A therapy, such as severe renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, limit the drug's clinical use. Although the exact mechanisms driving cyclosporine A-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis remain elusive, we hypothesized that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a major role. We investigated this ...[more]

PMID: 16049326

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Project description:ObjectiveRenal fibrosis is the common pathological foundation of many chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) can preserve renal function by inhibiting the progression of renal fibrosis and the potential mechanisms.MethodsRenal fibrosis was induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) performed on 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice. HSYA (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were intragastrically administered. Sham group and model group were administered with the same volume of vehicle. Serum and kidney samples were collected 14 days after the UUO surgery. Serum biochemical indicators were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. Histological changes were evaluated by HE and Masson staining. In vitro, the anti-fibrotic effect of HSYA was tested on human recombinant transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1) stimulated HK-2 cells. The protein levels of ?-SMA, collagen-I and fibronectin in kidney tissue and HK-2 cells were measured by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The protein levels of apoptosis-relative and TGF-?1/Smad3 signaling were detected by western blot.ResultsHSYA slowed the development of renal fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro. In UUO rats, renal function index suggested that HSYA treatment decreased the level of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) rose by UUO (P<0.05). HE staining and Masson staining demonstrated that kidney interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and inflammatory cell infiltration were notably attenuated in the high-dose HSYA group compared with the model group. The expressions of ?-SMA, collagen-I and fibronectin were decreased in the UUO kidney and HK-2 cells of the HSYA-treatment group. Moreover, HSYA reduced the apoptotic rate of HK-2 cells stimulated by TGF-?1. Further study revealed that HSYA regulated the TGF-?1/Smads signaling pathway both in kidney tissue and HK-2 cells.ConclusionsThese results suggested that HSYA had a protective effect against fibrosis in renal cells, at least partly, through inhibiting TGF-?1/smad3-mediated Epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathway.

Project description:BackgroundEverolimus (EVE) is a drug widely used in several renal transplant protocols. Although characterized by a relatively low nephrotoxicity, it may induce several adverse effects including severe fibro-interstitial pneumonitis. The exact molecular/biological mechanism associated to these pro-fibrotic effects is unknown, but epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) may have a central role. Additionally, heparanase, an enzyme recently associated with the progression of chronic allograft nephropathy, could contribute to activate this machinery in renal cells.MethodsSeveral biomolecular strategies (RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, zymography and migration assay) have been used to assess the capability of EVE (10, 100, 200 and 500 nM) to induce an in vitro heparanase-mediated EMT in wild-type (WT) and Heparanase (HPSE)-silenced immortalized human renal epithelial proximal tubular cells (HK-2). Additionally, microarray technology was used to find additional biological elements involved in EVE-induced EMT.ResultsBiomolecular experiments demonstrated a significant up-regulation (more than 1.5 fold increase) of several genes encoding for well known EMT markers [(alpha-smooth muscle actin (?-SMA), Vimentin (VIM), Fibronectin (FN) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)], enhancement of MMP9 protein level and increment of cells motility in WT HK2 cells treated with high concentrations of EVE (higher than 100 nM). Similarly, immunofluorescence analysis showed that 100 nM of EVE increased ?-SMA, VIM and FN protein expression in WT HK2 cells. All these effects were absent in both HPSE- and AKT-silenced cell lines. AKT is a protein having a central role in EMT. Additionally, microarray analysis identified other 2 genes significantly up-regulated in 100 nM EVE-treated cells (p?<?0.005 and FDR?<?5%): transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF?2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Real-time PCR analysis validated microarray.ConclusionsOur in vitro study reveals new biological/cellular aspects of the pro-fibrotic activity of EVE and it demonstrates, for the first time, that an heparanase-mediated EMT of renal tubular cells may be activated by high doses of this drug. Additionally, our results suggest that clinicians should administer the adequate dosage of EVE in order to increase efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Finally heparanase could be a new potential therapeutic target useful to prevent/minimize drug-related systemic fibrotic adverse effects.

Dataset Information

Cyclosporine A-induced renal fibrosis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Publications

Cyclosporine A-induced renal fibrosis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

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