A call for reporting the relevant exposure term in air pollution case-crossover studies.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kunzli N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1757056 | biostudies-literature | 2005 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
A call for reporting the relevant exposure term in air pollution case-crossover studies.
Künzli Nino N Schindler Christian C
Journal of epidemiology and community health 20050601 6
The exposure term in the case-crossover design consists in the difference between the ambient concentration on the event day and the concentration(s) on some control day(s). So far, all air pollution case-crossover studies presented the distribution of the daily ambient pollutant concentrations but do not publish the distributional properties of the relevant exposure term--that is, the concentration difference. This article shows that this difference can be very small for a large fraction of eve ...[more]
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Project description:PURPOSE:Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rates have increased over time. Air pollution is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the relationship between prenatal air pollution exposure and NICU admission has not been investigated. METHODS:In the Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008), 27,189 singletons were admitted to the NICU. Modified Community Multiscale Air Quality models estimated exposures for criteria air pollutants and constituents of particles less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Case-crossover analyses calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for interquartile range increases in pollutant exposure, comparing exposures during the week of delivery to control periods before and after delivery. RESULTS:In models that adjusted for PM2.5, exposure to PM2.5 constituents during the week before delivery was significantly associated with increased odds of NICU admission: elemental carbon (35%), ammonium ions (37%), nitrate compounds (16%), organic compounds (147%), and sulfate compounds (35%). Odds were also significantly increased by day of and day before delivery exposures to carbon monoxide (4%-5%), nitrogen dioxide (13%), nitrogen oxides (4%-8%), particles less than or equal to 10 microns (2%), particles less than or equal to 2.5 microns (2%), and sulfur dioxide (3%-6%). No associations were observed for ozone. CONCLUSIONS:Acute exposures to PM2.5 constituents and several traffic-related pollutants during the week before delivery, the day of delivery, and day before delivery appear to increase the odds of NICU admissions. These novel associations suggest infants exposed in utero to common air pollutants may require additional care during the newborn hospital admission.
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Project description:BackgroundInfluenza imposes a heavy burden on public health. Little is known, however, of the associations between detailed measures of exposure to ambient air pollution and influenza at an individual level.ObjectiveWe examined individual-level associations between six criteria air pollutants and influenza using case-crossover design.MethodsIn this individual-level time-stratified case-crossover study, we linked influenza cases collected by the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2019 with individual residence-level exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO). The exposures were estimated for the day of onset of influenza symptoms (lag 0), 1-7 d before the onset (lags 1-7), as well as an 8-d moving average (lag07), using a random forest model and linked to study participants' home addresses. Conditional logistic regression was developed to investigate the associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and influenza, adjusting for mean temperature, relative humidity, public holidays, population mobility, and community influenza susceptibility.ResultsN=108,479 eligible cases were identified in our study. Every 10-μg/m3 increase in exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO and every 5-μg/m3 increase in SO2 over 8-d moving average (lag07) was associated with higher risk of influenza with a relative risk (RR) of 1.028 (95% CI: 1.018, 1.038), 1.041 (95% CI: 1.032, 1.049), 1.169 (95% CI: 1.151, 1.188), 1.004 (95% CI: 1.003, 1.006), and 1.134 (95% CI: 1.107, 1.163), respectively. There was a negative association between O3 and influenza with a RR of 0.878 (95% CI: 0.866, 0.890).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that short-term exposure to air pollution, except for O3, is associated with greater risk for influenza. Further studies are necessary to decipher underlying mechanisms and design preventive interventions and policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12145.
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Project description:We investigated associations between ambient air pollution and microvessel function measured by peripheral arterial tonometry between 2003 and 2008 in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts. We measured particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon, sulfates, particle number, nitrogen oxides, and ozone by using fixed monitors, and we determined moving averages for 1-7 days preceding vascular testing. We examined associations between these exposures and hyperemic response to ischemia and baseline pulse amplitude, a measure of arterial tone (n = 2,369). Higher short-term exposure to air pollutants, including PM2.5, black carbon, and particle number was associated with higher baseline pulse amplitude. For example, higher 3-day average PM2.5 exposure was associated with 6.3% higher baseline pulse amplitude (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 10.9). However, there were no consistent associations between the air pollution exposures assessed and hyperemic response. Our findings in a community-based sample exposed to relatively low pollution levels suggest that short-term exposure to ambient particulate pollution is not associated with vasodilator response, but that particulate air pollution is associated with baseline pulse amplitude, suggesting potentially adverse alterations in baseline vascular tone or compliance.
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Project description:BackgroundBecause of the limited epidemiological evidence on the association between acute air pollutants and allergy, there is a need to investigate this association, especially between the short-term exposure to air pollution and the serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.MethodsA total of 39,569 IgE test results and demographic characteristics were obtained in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between August 2012 and September 2019. Ninety-nine specific allergens were tested according to clinical diagnosis. The logistic regression was used to assess the effects of CO, NO2 and PM2.5 exposure on the risk of sensitization to specific inhalant/food allergens. Generalized additive models with multivariate adjustments were utilized to model the exposure-response relationship. Stratified analyses were performed to estimate the reliability of correlations in various subgroups.FindingsSingle-pollutant models indicate that the 3-day moving average (lag2-4) of CO, PM2.5 or NO2 is associated with the increased risk for allergic diseases related to specific inhaled allergens. In multi-pollutant models, the adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) 95% (Confidence Interval, CI) increases by 8% (95% CI, 2%-15%) for per increment of 0.2 mg/m3 in CO levels, and rises by 8% (95% CI, 2%-13%) for each increase of 16.3 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentration. The associations are stronger in youngsters (<18, years) but not significantly different by gender. Particularly, a significantly stronger association between PM2.5 exposure and hospital visits for inhaled allergy is observed in patients who are exposed to lower concentration of SO2 (<10.333 μg/m3) and higher levels of NO2 (≥42.0 μg/m3), as well as patients enrolled after 2017.InterpretationThe short-term exposure to CO/PM2.5 increases the number of hospital visits for IgE-mediated allergy, especially for the sensitization to specific inhalant allergens. Therefore, to prevent inhaled allergies, the public policy for controlling air pollution needs to be considered seriously.FundingThis study was supported by the University of Macau (grant numbers: FHS-CRDA-029-002-2017 and MYRG2018-00,071-FHS) as well as the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau SAR (File no. 0004/2019/AFJ and 0011/2019/AKP). This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81,871,736), the National Key Technology R&D Program (2018YFC1311902), the Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation (2019B030316028), the Guangzhou Municipal Health Foundation (20191A011073), and the Guangzhou Science and Technology Foundation (201,804,020,043).
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Stroke, especially ischemic stroke (IS), has been a severe public health problem around the world. However, the association between air pollution and ischemic stroke remains ambiguous. METHODS:A total of 63, 997 IS cases aged 18 years or above in Shenzhen were collected from 2008 to 2014. We used the time-stratified case-crossover design combining with distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to estimate the association between air pollution and IS onset. Furthermore, this study explored the variability across gender and age groups. RESULTS:The cumulative exposure-response curves were J-shaped for SO2, NO2 and PM10, and V-shaped for O3, and crossed over the relative risk (RR) of one. The 99th, 50th (median) and 1st percentiles of concentration (μg/m3) respectively were 37.86, 10.06, 3.71 for SO2, 116.26, 41.29, 18.51 for NO2, 145.94, 48.29, 16.14 for PM10, and 111.57, 49.82, 16.00 for O3. Extreme high-SO2, high-NO2, high-PM10, high-O3, and low-O3 concentration increased the risk of IS, with the maximum RR values and 95% CIs: 1.50(1.22, 1.84) (99th vs median) at 0-12 lag days, 1.37(1.13, 1.67) (99th vs median) at 0-10 lag days, 1.26(1.04, 1.53) (99th vs median) at 0-12 lag days, 1.25(1.04, 1.49) (99th vs median) at 0-14 lag days, and 1.29(1.03, 1.61) (1st vs median) at 0-14 lag days, respectively. The statistically significant minimal RR value and 95% CI was 0.79(0.66,0.94) at 0-10 lag days for extreme low-PM10. The elderly aged over 65 years were susceptible to extreme pollution conditions. Difference from the vulnerability of males to extreme high-SO2, high-NO2 and low-O3, females were vulnerable to extreme high-PM10 and high-O3. Comparing with the elderly, adults aged 18-64 year were immune to extreme low-NO2 and low-PM10. However, no association between CO and IS onset was found. CONCLUSIONS:SO2, NO2, PM10 and O3 exerted non-linear and delayed influence on IS, and such influence varied with gender and age. These findings may have significant public health implications for the prevention of IS.
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