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Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial.

ABSTRACT: To investigate the impact of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV.Two centre prospective double blind placebo controlled trial.Children aged > or =8 weeks with HIV.Isoniazid or placebo given with co-trimoxazole either daily or three times a week.Two tertiary healthcare centres in South Africa.Mortality, incidence of tuberculosis, and adverse events.Data on 263 children (median age 24.7 months) were available when the data safety monitoring board recommended discontinuing the placebo arm; 132 (50%) were taking isoniazid. Median follow-up was 5.7 (interquartile range 2.0-9.7) months. Mortality was lower in the isoniazid group than in the placebo group (11 (8%) v 21 (16%), hazard ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.95, P=0.015) by intention to treat analysis. The benefit applied across Centers for Disease Control clinical categories and in all ages. The reduction in mortality was similar in children on three times a week or daily isoniazid. The incidence of tuberculosis was lower in the isoniazid group (5 cases, 3.8%) than in the placebo group (13 cases, 9.9%) (hazard ratio 0.28, 0.10 to 0.78, P=0.005). All cases of tuberculosis confirmed by culture were in children in the placebo group.Prophylaxis with isoniazid has an early survival benefit and reduces incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV. Prophylaxis may offer an effective public health intervention to reduce mortality in such children in settings with a high prevalence of tuberculosis.Clinical Trials NCT00330304.

SUBMITTER: Zar HJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1779846 | biostudies-literature | 2007 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial.

Zar Heather J HJ Cotton Mark F MF Strauss Stanzi S Karpakis Janine J Hussey Gregory G Schaaf H Simon HS Rabie Helena H Lombard Carl J CJ

BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 20061103 7585

<h4>Objectives</h4>To investigate the impact of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV.<h4>Design</h4>Two centre prospective double blind placebo controlled trial.<h4>Participants</h4>Children aged > or =8 weeks with HIV.<h4>Interventions</h4>Isoniazid or placebo given with co-trimoxazole either daily or three times a week.<h4>Setting</h4>Two tertiary healthcare centres in South Africa.<h4>Main outcome measures</h4>Mortality, incidence of tuberculos ...[more]

PMID: 17085459

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Project description:BackgroundThe dual epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis is a major cause of sickness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of preexposure isoniazid prophylaxis against tuberculosis in HIV-infected children and uninfected children exposed to HIV during the perinatal period.MethodsWe randomly assigned 548 HIV-infected and 804 HIV-uninfected infants (91 to 120 days of age) to isoniazid (10 to 20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) or matching placebo for 96 weeks. All patients received bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis within 30 days after birth. HIV-infected children had access to antiretroviral therapy. The primary outcome measures were tuberculosis disease and death in HIV-infected children and latent tuberculosis infection, tuberculosis disease, and death in HIV-uninfected children within 96 to 108 weeks after randomization.ResultsAntiretroviral therapy was initiated in 98.9% of HIV-infected children during the study. Among HIV-infected children, protocol-defined tuberculosis or death occurred in 52 children (19.0%) in the isoniazid group and 53 (19.3%) in the placebo group (P=0.93). Among HIV-uninfected children, there was no significant difference in the combined incidence of tuberculosis infection, tuberculosis disease, or death between the isoniazid group (39 children, 10%) and the placebo group (45 children, 11%; P=0.44). The rate of tuberculosis was 121 cases per 1000 child-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 95 to 153) among HIV-infected children as compared with 41 per 1000 child-years (95% CI, 31 to 52) among HIV-uninfected children. There were no significant differences in clinical or severe laboratory toxic effects between treatment groups.ConclusionsPrimary isoniazid prophylaxis did not improve tuberculosis-disease-free survival among HIV-infected children or tuberculosis-infection-free survival among HIV-uninfected children immunized with BCG vaccine. Despite access to antiretroviral therapy, the burden of tuberculosis remained high among HIV-infected children. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and Secure the Future; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00080119.).

Project description:BackgroundTuberculosis contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa. Isoniazid prophylaxis can reduce tuberculosis incidence in this population. However, for the treatment to be effective, adherence to the medication must be optimized. We investigated adherence to isoniazid prophylaxis administered daily, compared to three times a week, and predictors of adherence amongst HIV-infected children.MethodsWe investigated adherence to study medication in a two centre, randomized trial comparing daily to three times a week dosing of isoniazid. The study was conducted at two tertiary paediatric care centres in Cape Town, South Africa. Over a 5 year period, we followed 324 HIV-infected children aged >or= 8 weeks. Adherence information based on pill counts was available for 276 children. Percentage adherence was calculated by counting the number of pills returned. Adherence >or= 90% was considered to be optimal. Analysis was done using summary and repeated measures, comparing adherence to the two dosing schedules. Mean percentage adherence (per child during follow-up time) was used to compare the mean of each group as well as the proportion of children achieving an adherence of >or= 90% in each group. For repeated measures, percentage adherence (per child per visit) was dichotomized at 90%. A logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations, to account for within-individual correlation, was used to evaluate the impact of the dosing schedule. Adjustments were made for potential confounders and we assessed potential baseline and time-varying adherence determinants.ResultsThe overall adherence to isoniazid was excellent, with a mean adherence of 94.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 93.5-95.9); similar mean adherence was achieved by the group taking daily medication (93.8%; 95% CI 92.1-95.6) and by the three times a week group (95.5%; 95% CI 93.8-97.2). Two-hundred and seventeen (78.6%) children achieved a mean adherence of >or= 90%. Adherence was similar for daily and three times a week dosing schedules in univariate (odds ratio [OR] 0.88; 95% CI 0.66-1.17; P = 0.38) and multivariate (adjusted OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.64-1.11; P = 0.23) models. Children from overcrowded homes were less adherent (adjusted OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.54-0.95; P = 0.02). Age at study visit was predictive of adherence, with better adherence achieved in children older than 4 years (adjusted OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.16-3.32; P = 0.01).ConclusionAdherence to isoniazid was excellent regardless of the dosing schedule used. Intermittent dosing of isoniazid prophylaxis can be considered as an alternative to daily dosing, without compromising adherence or efficacy.Trial registrationClinical Trials NCT00330304.

Project description:BackgroundPreventive therapy for tuberculosis in patients with HIV is effective, but it has not been widely implemented in moderate or high-burden settings. We assessed the effect of widespread use of isoniazid preventive therapy on rates of tuberculosis and death in people with HIV in Brazil.MethodsWe did a stepped wedge, cluster-randomised trial with patients actively enrolled in 29 HIV clinics in Rio de Janeiro. Clinic staff were trained in tuberculosis screening, use of tuberculin skin tests, and use of isoniazid preventive therapy. Clinics were randomly allocated a date to begin the intervention period, with two clinics beginning the intervention every 2 months starting from Sept 1, 2005. The primary outcome was tuberculosis incidence alone or combined with death in the control versus intervention periods until Aug 31, 2009. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00107887.ResultsOf 17,413 patients in the cohort, 12,816 were eligible for the intervention. Overall, there were 475 tuberculosis cases and 838 deaths. The intervention increased the rate of patients receiving skin tests from 19 per 100 person-years to 59 per 100 person-years, and from 36 per 100 person-years to 144 per 100 person-years for those eligible for isoniazid preventive therapy. In the control period, 221 cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed (1.31 per 100 person-years) compared with 254 (1.10 per 100 person-years) in the intervention period (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.87; 95% CI 0.69-1.10). Rates of tuberculosis incidence or death were 3.64 and 3.04 per 100 person-years, respectively (0.76; 95% CI 0.66-0.87). When adjusted for age, sex, entry CD4 count, and use of antiretroviral therapy, the HR for tuberculosis was 0.73 (95% CI 0.54-0.99) and for tuberculosis or death was 0.69 (0.57-0.83).InterpretationOperational training aimed at increasing tuberculosis screening, provision of tuberculin skin tests, and use of isoniazid preventive therapy in Brazilian HIV clinics significantly reduced incident tuberculosis and death. Thus, scale-up of preventive therapy for HIV-infected patients in settings of moderate tuberculosis incidence is achievable and should be widely implemented in Brazil and elsewhere.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.

Project description:BackgroundIPT with or without concomitant administration of ART is a proven intervention to prevent tuberculosis among PLHIV. However, there are few data on the routine implementation of this intervention and its effectiveness in settings with limited resources.ObjectivesTo measure the level of uptake and effectiveness of IPT in reducing tuberculosis incidence in a cohort of PLHIV enrolled into HIV care between 2007 and 2010 in five hospitals in southern Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis of electronic patient database was done. The independent effects of no intervention, "IPT-only," "IPT-before-ART," "IPT-and-ART started simultaneously," "ART-only," and "IPT-after-ART" on TB incidence were measured. Cox-proportional hazards regression was used to assess association of treatment categories with TB incidence.ResultsOf 7,097 patients, 867 were excluded because they were transferred-in; a further 823 (12%) were excluded from the study because they were either identified to have TB through screening (292 patients) or were on TB treatment (531). Among the remaining 5,407 patients observed, IPT had been initiated for 39% of eligible patients. Children, male sex, advanced disease, and those in Pre-ART were less likely to be initiated on IPT. The overall TB incidence was 2.6 per 100 person-years. As compared to those with no intervention, use of "IPT-only" (aHR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.19-0.66) and "ART-only" (aHR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.24-0.43) were associated with significant reduction in TB incidence rate. Combining ART and IPT had a more profound effect. Starting IPT-before-ART (aHR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08-0.42) or simultaneously with ART (aHR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.10-0.42) provided further reduction of TB at ? 80%.ConclusionsIPT was found to be effective in reducing TB incidence, independently and with concomitant ART, under programme conditions in resource-limited settings. The level of IPT provision and effectiveness in reducing TB was encouraging in the study setting. Scaling up and strengthening IPT service in addition to ART can have beneficial effect in reducing TB burden among PLHIV in settings with high TB/HIV burden.

Project description:BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of tuberculosis, but tuberculosis is more common in people with HIV than in people without HIV. We aimed to assess the effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on the risk of tuberculosis in people infected with HIV-1 concurrently receiving antiretroviral therapy.MethodsFor this pragmatic randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Khayelitsha, South Africa, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients to receive either isoniazid preventive therapy or a placebo for 12 months (could be completed during 15 months). Randomisation was done with random number generator software. Participants, physicians, and pharmacy staff were masked to group assignment. The primary endpoint was time to development of incident tuberculosis (definite, probable, or possible). We excluded tuberculosis at screening by sputum culture. We did a modified intention-to-treat analysis and excluded all patients randomly assigned to groups who withdrew before receiving study drug or whose baseline sputum culture results suggested prevalent tuberculosis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00463086.Findings1329 participants were randomly assigned to receive isoniazid preventive therapy (n=662) or placebo (n=667) between Jan 31, 2008, and Sept 31, 2011, and contributed 3227 person-years of follow-up to the analysis. We recorded 95 incident cases of tuberculosis; 37 were in the isoniazid preventive therapy group (2·3 per 100 person-years, 95% CI 1·6-3·1), and 58 in the placebo group (3·6 per 100 person-years, 2·8-4·7; hazard ratio [HR] 0·63, 95% CI 0·41-0·94). Study drug was discontinued because of grade 3 or 4 raised alanine transaminase concentrations in 19 of 662 individuals in the isoniazid preventive therapy group and ten of the 667 individuals in the placebo group (risk ratio 1·9, 95% CI 0·90-4·09). We noted no evidence that the effect of isoniazid preventive therapy was restricted to patients who were positive on tuberculin skin test or interferon gamma release assay (adjusted HR for patients with negative tests 0·43 [0·21-0·86] and 0·43 [0·20-0·96]; for positive tests 0·86 [0·37-2·00] and 0·55 [0·26-1·24], respectively).InterpretationWithout a more predictive test or a multivariate algorithm that predicts benefit, isoniazid preventive therapy should be recommended to all patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in moderate or high incidence areas irrespective of tuberculin skin test or interferon gamma release assay status.FundingDepartment of Health of South Africa, the Wellcome Trust, Médecins Sans Frontières, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Foundation for Innovation and New Diagnostics, the European Union, and Hasso Plattner (Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town).

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Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial.

Publications

Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial.

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