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Replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza A virus in mice carrying functional Mx1 resistance gene.

ABSTRACT: The IFN-induced resistance factor Mx1 is a critical component of innate immunity against influenza A viruses (FLUAV) in mice. Animals carrying a wild-type Mx1 gene (Mx1(+/+)) differ from regular laboratory mice (Mx1(-/-)) in that they are highly resistant to infection with standard FLUAV strains. We identified an extraordinary variant of the FLUAV strain, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) (designated hvPR8), which is unusually virulent in Mx1(+/+) mice. hvPR8 was well controlled in Mx1(+/+) but not Mx1(-/-) mice provided that the animals were treated with IFN before infection, indicating that hvPR8 exhibits normal sensitivity to growth restriction by Mx1. hvPR8 multiplied much faster than standard PR8 early in infection because of highly efficient viral gene expression in infected cells. Studies with reassortant viruses containing defined genome segments of both hvPR8 and standard PR8 demonstrated that the HA, neuraminidase, and polymerase genes of hvPR8 all contributed to virulence, indicating that efficient host cell entry and early gene expression renders hvPR8 highly pathogenic. These results reveal a surprisingly simple concept of how influenza viruses may gain virulence and illustrate that high speed of virus growth can outcompete the antiviral response of the infected host.

SUBMITTER: Grimm D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1871866 | biostudies-literature | 2007 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza A virus in mice carrying functional Mx1 resistance gene.

Grimm Daniel D Staeheli Peter P Hufbauer Martin M Koerner Iris I Martínez-Sobrido Luis L Solórzano Alicia A García-Sastre Adolfo A Haller Otto O Kochs Georg G

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20070410 16

The IFN-induced resistance factor Mx1 is a critical component of innate immunity against influenza A viruses (FLUAV) in mice. Animals carrying a wild-type Mx1 gene (Mx1(+/+)) differ from regular laboratory mice (Mx1(-/-)) in that they are highly resistant to infection with standard FLUAV strains. We identified an extraordinary variant of the FLUAV strain, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) (designated hvPR8), which is unusually virulent in Mx1(+/+) mice. hvPR8 was well controlled in Mx1(+/+) but not Mx1(-/-) mice ...[more]

PMID: 17426143

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Project description:BackgroundInfluenza virus infections represent a major global health problem. The dynamin-like GTPase MX1 is an interferon-dependent antiviral host protein that confers resistance to influenza virus infections. Infection models in mice are an important experimental system to understand the host response and susceptibility to developing severe disease following influenza infections. However, almost all laboratory mouse strains carry a non-functional Mx1 gene whereas humans have a functional MX1 gene. Most studies in mice have been performed with strains carrying a non-functional Mx1 gene. It is therefore very important to investigate the host response in mouse strains with a functional Mx1 gene.ResultsHere, we analyzed the host response to influenza virus infections in two congenic mouse strains carrying the functional Mx1 gene from the A2G strain. B6.A2G-Mx1r/r(B6-Mx1r/r) mice are highly resistant to influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 infections. On the other hand, D2(B6).A2G-Mx1r/r(D2-Mx1r/r) mice, although carrying a functional Mx1 gene, were highly susceptible, exhibited rapid weight loss, and died. We performed gene expression analysis using RNAseq from infected lungs at days 3 and 5 post-infection (p.i.) of both mouse strains to identify genes and pathways that were differentially expressed between the two mouse strains. The susceptible D2-Mx1r/r mice showed a high viral replication already at day 3 p.i. and exhibited a much higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and many DEGs had elevated expression levels compared to B6-Mx1r/r mice. On the other hand, some DEGs were specifically up-regulated only in B6-Mx1r/r mice at day 3 p.i., many of which were related to host immune response functions.ConclusionsFrom these results, we conclude that at early times of infection, D2-Mx1r/r mice showed a very high and rapid replication of the virus, which resulted in lung damage and a hyperinflammatory response leading to death. We hypothesize that the activation of certain immune response genes was missing and that others, especially Mx1, were expressed at a time in D2-Mx1r/r mice when the virus had already massively spread in the lung and were thus not able anymore to protect them from severe disease. Our study represents an important addition to previously published studies in mouse models and contributes to a better understanding of the molecular pathways and genes that protect against severe influenza disease.

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Replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza A virus in mice carrying functional Mx1 resistance gene.

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Replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza A virus in mice carrying functional Mx1 resistance gene.

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