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The two oxidized forms of the trinuclear Cu cluster in the multicopper oxidases and mechanism for the decay of the native intermediate.

ABSTRACT: Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) catalyze the 4e(-) reduction of O(2) to H(2)O. The reaction of the fully reduced enzyme with O(2) generates the native intermediate (NI), which undergoes a slow decay to the resting enzyme in the absence of substrate. NI is a fully oxidized form, but its spectral features are very different from those of the resting form (also fully oxidized), because the type 2 and the coupled-binuclear type 3 Cu centers in the O(2)-reducing trinuclear Cu cluster site are isolated in the resting enzyme, whereas these are all bridged by a micro(3)-oxo ligand in NI. Notably, the one azide-bound NI (NI(Az)) exhibits spectral features very similar to those of NI, in which the micro(3)-oxo ligand in NI has been replaced by a micro(3)-bridged azide. Comparison of the spectral features of NI and NI(Az), combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, allows refinement of the NI structure. The decay of NI to the resting enzyme proceeds via successive proton-assisted steps, whereas the rate-limiting step involves structural rearrangement of the micro(3)-oxo-bridge from inside to outside the cluster. This phenomenon is consistent with the slow rate of NI decay that uncouples the resting enzyme from the catalytic cycle, leaving NI as the catalytically relevant fully oxidized form of the MCO active site. The all-bridged structure of NI would facilitate electron transfer to all three Cu centers of the trinuclear cluster for rapid proton-coupled reduction of NI to the fully reduced form for catalytic turnover.

SUBMITTER: Yoon J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1959429 | biostudies-literature | 2007 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The two oxidized forms of the trinuclear Cu cluster in the multicopper oxidases and mechanism for the decay of the native intermediate.

Yoon Jungjoo J Liboiron Barry D BD Sarangi Ritimukta R Hodgson Keith O KO Hedman Britt B Solomon Edward I EI

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20070816 34

Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) catalyze the 4e(-) reduction of O(2) to H(2)O. The reaction of the fully reduced enzyme with O(2) generates the native intermediate (NI), which undergoes a slow decay to the resting enzyme in the absence of substrate. NI is a fully oxidized form, but its spectral features are very different from those of the resting form (also fully oxidized), because the type 2 and the coupled-binuclear type 3 Cu centers in the O(2)-reducing trinuclear Cu cluster site are isolated in ...[more]

PMID: 17702865

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Project description:The multicopper oxidases (MCOs) utilize a blue type 1 (T1) copper site and a trinuclear Cu cluster composed of a type 2 (T2) and a binuclear type 3 (T3) site that together catalyze the four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O. Reaction of the fully reduced enzyme with O2 proceeds via two sequential two-electron steps generating the peroxy intermediate (PI) and the native intermediate (NI). While a detailed description of the geometric and electronic structure of NI has been developed, this has been more elusive for PI largely due to the diamagnetic nature of its ground state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to correlate to spectroscopic data to generate a description of the geometric and electronic structure of PI. A highly conserved carboxylate residue near the T2 site is found to play a critical role in stabilizing the PI structure, which induces oxidation of the T2 and one T3 Cu center and strong superexchange stabilization via the peroxide bridge, allowing irreversible binding of O2 at the trinuclear Cu site. Correlation of PI to NI is achieved using a two-dimensional potential energy surface generated to describe the catalytic two-electron reduction of the peroxide O-O bond by the MCOs. It is found that the reaction is thermodynamically driven by the relative stability of NI and the involvement of the simultaneous two-electron-transfer process. A low activation barrier (calculated approximately 5-6 kcal/mol and experimental approximately 3-5 kcal/mol) is produced by the triangular topology of the trinuclear Cu cluster site, as this symmetry provides good donor-acceptor frontier molecular orbital (FMO) overlap. Finally, the O-O bond cleavage in the trinuclear Cu cluster can be achieved via either a proton-assisted or a proton-unassisted process, allowing the MCOs to function over a wide range of pH. It is found that while the proton helps to stabilize the acceptor O22- sigma* orbital in the proton-assisted process for better donor-acceptor FMO overlap, the third oxidized Cu center in the trinuclear site assumes the role as a Lewis acid in the proton-unassisted process for similarly efficient O-O bond cleavage.

Dataset Information

The two oxidized forms of the trinuclear Cu cluster in the multicopper oxidases and mechanism for the decay of the native intermediate.

Publications

The two oxidized forms of the trinuclear Cu cluster in the multicopper oxidases and mechanism for the decay of the native intermediate.

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