Dataset Information

Cell water dynamics on multiple time scales.

ABSTRACT: Water-biomolecule interactions have been extensively studied in dilute solutions, crystals, and rehydrated powders, but none of these model systems may capture the behavior of water in the highly organized intracellular milieu. Because of the experimental difficulty of selectively probing the structure and dynamics of water in intact cells, radically different views about the properties of cell water have proliferated. To resolve this long-standing controversy, we have measured the (2)H spin relaxation rate in living bacteria cultured in D(2)O. The relaxation data, acquired in a wide magnetic field range (0.2 mT-12 T) and analyzed in a model-independent way, reveal water dynamics on a wide range of time scales. Contradicting the view that a substantial fraction of cell water is strongly perturbed, we find that approximately 85% of cell water in Escherichia coli and in the extreme halophile Haloarcula marismortui has bulk-like dynamics. The remaining approximately 15% of cell water interacts directly with biomolecular surfaces and is motionally retarded by a factor 15 +/- 3 on average, corresponding to a rotational correlation time of 27 ps. This dynamic perturbation is three times larger than for small monomeric proteins in solution, a difference we attribute to secluded surface hydration sites in supramolecular assemblies. The relaxation data also show that a small fraction ( approximately 0.1%) of cell water exchanges from buried hydration sites on the microsecond time scale, consistent with the current understanding of protein hydration in solutions and crystals.

SUBMITTER: Persson E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2359779 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cell water dynamics on multiple time scales.

Persson Erik E Halle Bertil B

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20080424 17

Water-biomolecule interactions have been extensively studied in dilute solutions, crystals, and rehydrated powders, but none of these model systems may capture the behavior of water in the highly organized intracellular milieu. Because of the experimental difficulty of selectively probing the structure and dynamics of water in intact cells, radically different views about the properties of cell water have proliferated. To resolve this long-standing controversy, we have measured the (2)H spin rel ...[more]

PMID: 18436650

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Project description:The ventriloquism aftereffect (VAE) refers to a shift in auditory spatial perception following exposure to a spatial disparity between auditory and visual stimuli. The VAE has been previously measured on two distinct time scales. Hundreds or thousands of exposures to a an audio-visual spatial disparity produces enduring VAE that persists after exposure ceases. Exposure to a single audio-visual spatial disparity produces immediate VAE that decays over seconds. To determine if these phenomena are two extremes of a continuum or represent distinct processes, we conducted an experiment with normal hearing listeners that measured VAE in response to a repeated, constant audio-visual disparity sequence, both immediately after exposure to each audio-visual disparity and after the end of the sequence. In each experimental session, subjects were exposed to sequences of auditory and visual targets that were constantly offset by +8° or -8° in azimuth from one another, then localized auditory targets presented in isolation following each sequence. Eye position was controlled throughout the experiment, to avoid the effects of gaze on auditory localization. In contrast to other studies that did not control eye position, we found both a large shift in auditory perception that decayed rapidly after each AV disparity exposure, along with a gradual shift in auditory perception that grew over time and persisted after exposure to the AV disparity ceased. We modeled the temporal and spatial properties of the measured auditory shifts using grey box nonlinear system identification, and found that two models could explain the data equally well. In the power model, the temporal decay of the ventriloquism aftereffect was modeled with a power law relationship. This causes an initial rapid drop in auditory shift, followed by a long tail which accumulates with repeated exposure to audio-visual disparity. In the double exponential model, two separate processes were required to explain the data, one which accumulated and decayed exponentially and the other which slowly integrated over time. Both models fit the data best when the spatial spread of the ventriloquism aftereffect was limited to a window around the location of the audio-visual disparity. We directly compare the predictions made by each model, and suggest additional measurements that could help distinguish which model best describes the mechanisms underlying the VAE.

Dataset Information

Cell water dynamics on multiple time scales.

Publications

Cell water dynamics on multiple time scales.

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