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Conditional mouse osteosarcoma, dependent on p53 loss and potentiated by loss of Rb, mimics the human disease.

ABSTRACT: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Analysis of familial cancer syndromes and sporadic cases has strongly implicated both p53 and pRb in its pathogenesis; however, the relative contribution of these mutations to the initiation of osteosarcoma is unclear. We describe here the generation and characterization of a genetically engineered mouse model in which all animals develop short latency malignant osteosarcoma. The genetically engineered mouse model is based on osteoblast-restricted deletion of p53 and pRb. Osteosarcoma development is dependent on loss of p53 and potentiated by loss of pRb, revealing a dominance of p53 mutation in the development of osteosarcoma. The model reproduces many of the defining features of human osteosarcoma including cytogenetic complexity and comparable gene expression signatures, histology, and metastatic behavior. Using a novel in silico methodology termed cytogenetic region enrichment analysis, we demonstrate high conservation of gene expression changes between murine osteosarcoma and known cytogentically rearranged loci from human osteosarcoma. Due to the strong similarity between murine osteosarcoma and human osteosarcoma in this model, this should provide a valuable platform for addressing the molecular genetics of osteosarcoma and for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

SUBMITTER: Walkley CR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2428063 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Conditional mouse osteosarcoma, dependent on p53 loss and potentiated by loss of Rb, mimics the human disease.

Walkley Carl R CR Qudsi Rameez R Sankaran Vijay G VG Perry Jennifer A JA Gostissa Monica M Roth Sanford I SI Rodda Stephen J SJ Snay Erin E Dunning Patricia P Fahey Frederic H FH Alt Frederick W FW McMahon Andrew P AP Orkin Stuart H SH

Genes & development 20080601 12

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Analysis of familial cancer syndromes and sporadic cases has strongly implicated both p53 and pRb in its pathogenesis; however, the relative contribution of these mutations to the initiation of osteosarcoma is unclear. We describe here the generation and characterization of a genetically engineered mouse model in which all animals develop short latency malignant osteosarcoma. The genetically engineered mouse model is based on osteo ...[more]

PMID: 18559481

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Project description:Simple Summary Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly heterogenous cancer, making the identification of genetic driving factors difficult. Genetic factors, such as heritable mutations of Rb1 and TP53, are associated with an increased risk of OS. We previously generated pigs carrying a mutated TP53 gene, which develop OS at high frequency. RNA sequencing and allelic expression imbalance analysis identified an amplification of YAP1 involved in p53- dependent OS progression. The inactivation of YAP1 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion, and leads to the silencing of TP63 and reconstruction of p16 expression in p53-deficient porcine OS cells. This study confirms the importance of p53/YAP1 network in cancer. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone malignancy that mainly occurs during adolescent growth, suggesting that bone growth plays an important role in the aetiology of the disease. Genetic factors, such as heritable mutations of Rb1 and TP53, are associated with an increased risk of OS. Identifying driver mutations for OS has been challenging due to the complexity of bone growth-related pathways and the extensive intra-tumoral heterogeneity of this cancer. We previously generated pigs carrying a mutated TP53 gene, which develop OS at high frequency. RNA sequencing and allele expression imbalance (AEI) analysis of OS and matched healthy control samples revealed a highly significant AEI (p = 2.14 × 10−39) for SNPs in the BIRC3-YAP1 locus on pig chromosome 9. Analysis of copy number variation showed that YAP1 amplification is associated with the AEI and the progression of OS. Accordingly, the inactivation of YAP1 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion, and leads to the silencing of TP63 and reconstruction of p16 expression in p53-deficient porcine OS cells. Increased p16 mRNA expression correlated with lower methylation of its promoter. Altogether, our study provides molecular evidence for the role of YAP1 amplification in the progression of p53-dependent OS.

Project description:The retinoblastoma protein RB and the transcription factor p53 are central tumor suppressors. They are often found inactivated in various tumor types. Both proteins play central roles in regulating the cell division cycle. RB forms complexes with the E2F family of transcription factors and downregulates numerous genes. Among the RB-E2F target genes, a large number code for key cell cycle regulators. Their transcriptional repression by the RB-E2F complex is released through phosphorylation of RB, leading to expression of the cell cycle regulators. The release from repression can be prevented by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/CDKN1A. The CDKN1A gene is transcriptionally activated by p53. Taken together, these elements constitute the p53-p21-RB signaling pathway. Following activation of p53, for example by viral infection or induction of DNA damage, p21 expression is upregulated. High levels of p21 then result in RB-E2F complex formation and downregulation of a large number of cell cycle genes. Thus, p53-dependent transcriptional repression is indirect. The reduced expression of the many regulators leads to cell cycle arrest. Examination of the p53-p21-RB targets and genes controlled by the related p53-p21-DREAM signaling pathway reveals that there is a large overlap of the two groups. Mechanistically this can be explained by replacing RB-E2F complexes with the DREAM transcriptional repressor complex at E2F sites in target promoters. In contrast to RB-E2F, DREAM can downregulate genes also through CHR transcription factor binding sites. This results in a distinct gene set controlled by p53-p21-DREAM signaling independent of RB-E2F. Furthermore, RB has non-canonical functions without binding to E2F and DNA. Such a role of RB supporting DREAM formation may be exerted by the RB-SKP2-p27-cyclin A/E-CDK2-p130-DREAM link. In the current synopsis, the mechanism of regulation by p53-p21-RB signaling is assessed and the overlap with p53-p21-DREAM signaling is examined.

Project description:BACKGROUND: TGFbeta has pleiotropic effects that range from regulation of proliferation and apoptosis to morphological changes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Some evidence suggests that these effects may be interconnected. We have recently reported that P53, P21Cip1 and pRB, three critical regulators of the G1/S transition are variably involved in TGFbeta-induced cell cycle arrest in hepatocytes. As these proteins are also involved in the regulation of apoptosis in many circumstances, we investigated their contribution to other relevant TGFbeta-induced effects, namely apoptosis and EMT, and examined how the various processes were interrelated. METHODS: Primary mouse hepatocytes deficient in p53, p21 and/or Rb, singly or in combination were treated with TGFbeta for 24 to 96 hours. Apoptosis was quantified according to morphology and by immunostaining for cleaved-capsase 3. Epithelial and mesenchymal marker expression was studied using immunocytochemistry and real time PCR. RESULTS: We found that TGFbeta similarly induced morphological changes regardless of genotype and independently of proliferation index or sensitivity to inhibition of proliferation by TGFbeta. Morphological changes were accompanied by decrease in E-cadherin and increased Snail expression but the mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, SMAalpha and Vimentin) studied remained unchanged. TGFbeta induced high levels of apoptosis in p53-/-, Rb-/-, p21cip1-/- and control hepatocytes although with slight differences in kinetics. This was unrelated to proliferation or changes in morphology and loss of cell-cell adhesion. However, hepatocytes deficient in both p53 and p21cip1were less sensitive to TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Although p53, p21Cip1 and pRb are well known regulators of both proliferation and apoptosis in response to a multitude of stresses, we conclude that they are critical for TGFbeta-driven inhibition of hepatocytes proliferation, but only slightly modulate TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. This effect may depend on other parameters such as proliferation and the presence of other regulatory proteins as suggested by the consequences of p53, p21Cip1 double deficiency. Similarly, p53, p21Cip1 and pRB deficiency had no effect on the morphological changes and loss of cell adhesion which is thought to be critical for metastasis. This indicates that possible association of these genes with metastasis potential would be unlikely to involve TGFbeta-induced EMT.

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Conditional mouse osteosarcoma, dependent on p53 loss and potentiated by loss of Rb, mimics the human disease.

Publications

Conditional mouse osteosarcoma, dependent on p53 loss and potentiated by loss of Rb, mimics the human disease.

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