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Protein structure protection commits gene expression patterns.

ABSTRACT: Gene co-expressions often determine module-defining spatial and temporal concurrences of proteins. Yet, little effort has been devoted to tracing coordinating signals for expression correlations to the three-dimensional structures of gene products.We performed a global structure-based analysis of the yeast and human proteomes and contrasted this information against their respective transcriptome organizations obtained from comprehensive microarray data. We show that protein vulnerability quantifies dosage sensitivity for metabolic adaptation phases and tissue-specific patterns of mRNA expression, determining the extent of co-expression similarity of binding partners. The role of protein intrinsic disorder in transcriptome organization is also delineated by interrelating vulnerability, disorder propensity and co-expression patterns. Extremely vulnerable human proteins are shown to be subject to severe post-transcriptional regulation of their expression through significant micro-RNA targeting, making mRNA levels poor surrogates for protein-expression levels. By contrast, in yeast the expression of extremely under-wrapped proteins is likely regulated through protein aggregation. Thus, the 85 most vulnerable proteins in yeast include the five confirmed prions, while in human, the genes encoding extremely vulnerable proteins are predicted to be targeted by microRNAs. Hence, in both vastly different organisms protein vulnerability emerges as a structure-encoded signal for post-transcriptional regulation.Vulnerability of protein structure and the concurrent need to maintain structural integrity are shown to quantify dosage sensitivity, compelling gene expression patterns across tissue types and temporal adaptation phases in a quantifiable manner. Extremely vulnerable proteins impose additional constraints on gene expression: They are subject to high levels of regulation at the post-transcriptional level.

SUBMITTER: Chen J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2530859 | biostudies-literature | 2008

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Protein structure protection commits gene expression patterns.

Chen Jianping J Liang Han H Fernández Ariel A

Genome biology 20080707 7

<h4>Background</h4>Gene co-expressions often determine module-defining spatial and temporal concurrences of proteins. Yet, little effort has been devoted to tracing coordinating signals for expression correlations to the three-dimensional structures of gene products.<h4>Results</h4>We performed a global structure-based analysis of the yeast and human proteomes and contrasted this information against their respective transcriptome organizations obtained from comprehensive microarray data. We show ...[more]

PMID: 18606003

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Protein kinase (PK) genes comprise the third largest superfamily that occupy approximately 2% of the human genome. They encode regulatory enzymes that control a vast variety of cellular processes through phosphorylation of their protein substrates. Expression of PK genes is subject to complex transcriptional regulation which is not fully understood. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Our comparative analysis demonstrates that genomic organization of regulatory PK genes differs from organization of other protein coding genes. PK genes occupy larger genomic loci, have longer introns, spacer regions, and encode larger proteins. The primary transcript length of PK genes, similar to other protein coding genes, inversely correlates with gene expression level and expression breadth, which is likely due to the necessity to reduce metabolic costs of transcription for abundant messages. On average, PK genes evolve slower than other protein coding genes. Breadth of PK expression negatively correlates with rate of non-synonymous substitutions in protein coding regions. This rate is lower for high expression and ubiquitous PKs, relative to low expression PKs, and correlates with divergence in untranslated regions. Conversely, rate of silent mutations is uniform in different PK groups, indicating that differing rates of non-synonymous substitutions reflect variations in selective pressure. Brain and testis employ a considerable number of tissue-specific PKs, indicating high complexity of phosphorylation-dependent regulatory network in these organs. There are considerable differences in genomic organization between PKs up-regulated in the testis and brain. PK genes up-regulated in the highly proliferative testicular tissue are fast evolving and small, with short introns and transcribed regions. In contrast, genes up-regulated in the minimally proliferative nervous tissue carry long introns, extended transcribed regions, and evolve slowly. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:PK genomic architecture, the size of gene functional domains and evolutionary rates correlate with the pattern of gene expression. Structure and evolutionary divergence of tissue-specific PK genes is related to the proliferative activity of the tissue where these genes are predominantly expressed. Our data provide evidence that physiological requirements for transcription intensity, ubiquitous expression, and tissue-specific regulation shape gene structure and affect rates of evolution.

Project description:Main conclusionProvide an evolutionary and an empirical molecular genetic foundation of the Sus gene family in tobacco and will be beneficial for further investigations of Sus gene functions Sucrose synthase (Sus) has been well characterized as the key enzyme participating in sucrose metabolism, and the gene family encoding different Sus isozymes has been cloned and characterized in several plant species. However, scant information about this gene family is available to date in tobacco. Here, we identified 14, 6, and 7 Sus genes in the genomes of Nicotiana tabacum, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis, respectively. These tobacco Sus family members shared high levels of similarity in their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct evolutionary paths for the tobacco Sus genes. Sus1-4, Sus5, and Sus6-7 originated from three Sus precursors, respectively, which were generated by duplication before the split of monocots and eudicots. There were two additional duplications, before and after the differentiation of the Solanaceae, which separately gave rise to Sus3/4 and Sus1/2. Gene exon/intron structure analysis showed that the tobacco Sus genes contain varying numbers of conserved introns, resulting from intron loss under different selection pressures during the course of evolution. The expression patterns of the NtSus genes differed from each other in various tobacco tissues. Transcripts of Ntab0259170 and Ntab0259180 were detected in leaves at all tested developmental stages, suggesting that these two genes play a predominant role in sucrose metabolism during leaf development. Expression of Ntab0288750 and Ntab0234340 were conspicuously induced by low temperature and virus treatment, indicating that these two isozymes are important in meeting the increased glycolytic demand that occurs during abiotic stress. Our results provide an evolutionary and an empirical molecular genetic foundation of the Sus gene family in tobacco, and will be beneficial for further investigations of Sus gene functions in the processes of tobacco leaf development and tobacco resistance to environmental stresses.

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Protein structure protection commits gene expression patterns.

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Protein structure protection commits gene expression patterns.

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