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Priming type II polyketide synthases via a type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase mechanism.

ABSTRACT: Benzoic acid priming of the enterocin and actinorhodin type II polyketide synthase complexes was accomplished in vitro via an unprecedented type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like mechanism involving the benzoate:acyl carrier protein (ACP) ligase EncN and the ACP EncC. The transfer of the aryl acid to the ACP is ATP-dependent, yet coenzyme A-independent, as characterized with radiolabeled substrates and protein mass spectrometry. Subsequent transport of the ACP-bound aryl group to the native enterocin and the aberrant actinorhodin ketosynthase chain length factor heterodimers was further demonstrated, thereby demonstrating the potential of this biocatalyst for engineering diverse aryl-primed aromatic polyketide agents.

SUBMITTER: Izumikawa M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2531066 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Priming type II polyketide synthases via a type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase mechanism.

Izumikawa Miho M Cheng Qian Q Moore Bradley S BS

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20060201 5

Benzoic acid priming of the enterocin and actinorhodin type II polyketide synthase complexes was accomplished in vitro via an unprecedented type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like mechanism involving the benzoate:acyl carrier protein (ACP) ligase EncN and the ACP EncC. The transfer of the aryl acid to the ACP is ATP-dependent, yet coenzyme A-independent, as characterized with radiolabeled substrates and protein mass spectrometry. Subsequent transport of the ACP-bound aryl group to the nativ ...[more]

PMID: 16448095

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Project description:BackgroundPyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes of fold type I, the most studied structural class of the PLP-dependent enzyme superfamily, are known to exist as stand-alone homodimers or homotetramers. These enzymes have been found also embedded in multimodular and multidomain assembly lines involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides (PKS) and nonribosomal peptides (NRPS). The aim of this work is to provide a proteome-wide view of the distribution and characteristics of type I domains covalently integrated in these assemblies in prokaryotes.ResultsAn ad-hoc Hidden Markov profile was calculated using a sequence alignment derived from a multiple structural superposition of distantly related PLP-enzymes of fold type I. The profile was utilized to scan the sequence databank and to collect the proteins containing at least one type I domain linked to a component of an assembly line in bacterial genomes. The domains adjacent to a carrier protein were further investigated. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the presence of four PLP-dependent families: Aminotran_3, Beta_elim_lyase and Pyridoxal_deC, occurring mainly within mixed NRPS/PKS clusters, and Aminotran_1_2 found mainly in PKS clusters. Sequence similarity to the reference PLP enzymes with solved structures ranged from 24 to 42% identity. Homology models were built for each representative type I domain and molecular docking simulations with putative substrates were carried out. Prediction of the protein-protein interaction sites evidenced that the surface regions of the type I domains embedded within multienzyme assemblies were different from those of the self-standing enzymes; these structural features appear to be required for productive interactions with the adjacent domains in a multidomain context.ConclusionsThis work provides a systematic view of the occurrence of type I domain within NRPS and PKS assembly lines and it predicts their structural characteristics using computational methods. Comparison with the corresponding stand-alone enzymes highlighted the common and different traits related to various aspects of their structure-function relationship. Therefore, the results of this work, on one hand contribute to the understanding of the functional and structural diversity of the PLP-dependent type I enzymes and, on the other, pave the way to further studies aimed at their applications in combinatorial biosynthesis.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Bacterial aromatic polyketides are a pharmacologically important group of natural products synthesized by type II polyketide synthases (type II PKSs) in actinobacteria. Isolation of novel aromatic polyketides from microbial sources is currently impeded because of the lack of knowledge about prolific taxa for polyketide synthesis and the difficulties in finding and optimizing target microorganisms. Comprehensive analysis of type II PKSs and the prediction of possible polyketide chemotypes in various actinobacterial genomes will thus enable the discovery or synthesis of novel polyketides in the most plausible microorganisms. DESCRIPTION: We performed a comprehensive computational analysis of type II PKSs and their gene clusters in actinobacterial genomes. By identifying type II PKS subclasses from the sequence analysis of 280 known type II PKSs, we developed highly accurate domain classifiers for these subclasses and derived prediction rules for aromatic polyketide chemotypes generated by different combinations of type II PKS domains. Using 319 available actinobacterial genomes, we predicted 231 type II PKSs from 40 PKS gene clusters in 25 actinobacterial genomes, and polyketide chemotypes corresponding to 22 novel PKS gene clusters in 16 genomes. These results showed that the microorganisms capable of producing aromatic polyketides are specifically distributed within a certain suborder of Actinomycetales such as Catenulisporineae, Frankineae, Micrococcineae, Micromonosporineae, Pseudonocardineae, Streptomycineae, and Streptosporangineae. CONCLUSIONS: We could identify the novel candidates of type II PKS gene clusters and their polyketide chemotypes in actinobacterial genomes by comprehensive analysis of type II PKSs and prediction of aromatic polyketides. The genome analysis results indicated that the specific suborders in actinomycetes could be used as prolific taxa for polyketide synthesis. The chemotype-prediction rules with the suggested type II PKS modules derived using this resource can be used further for microbial engineering to produce various aromatic polyketides. All these resources, together with the results of the analysis, are organized into an easy-to-use database PKMiner, which is accessible at the following URL: http://pks.kaist.ac.kr/pkminer. We believe that this web-based tool would be useful for research in the discovery of novel bacterial aromatic polyketides.

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Priming type II polyketide synthases via a type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase mechanism.

Publications

Priming type II polyketide synthases via a type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase mechanism.

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