Economic burden of smoking in China, 2000.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sung HY
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2563547 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Economic burden of smoking in China, 2000.
Sung H-Y HY Wang L L Jin S S Hu T-W TW Jiang Y Y
Tobacco control 20060601
<h4>Objective</h4>To assess the health-related economic burden attributable to smoking in China for persons aged 35 and older.<h4>Methods</h4>A prevalence-based, disease-specific approach was used to estimate the smoking attributable direct costs, indirect morbidity costs, and costs of premature deaths caused by smoking-related diseases. The primary data source was the 1998 China National Health Services Survey, which contains the smoking status, medical utilisation, and expenditures for 216,101 ...[more]
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Project description:ObjectiveTo develop estimates of the direct and indirect costs of smoking for California in 1999.MethodsA prevalence based approach was used to estimate the annual costs of smoking. Econometric models were used to estimate the smoking attributable fraction (SAF) for direct costs (hospitalisations, ambulatory care, prescription drugs, home health care, and nursing home services) and indirect costs due to lost productivity from smoking related illness. The models controlled for socioeconomic factors and other risk behaviours. Epidemiological methods were used to estimate the SAF for indirect costs due to lost productivity from premature deaths. The SAFs were applied to total health care expenditures, days lost, and deaths to obtain smoking attributable total costs.ResultsIn 1999, the total costs of smoking in California were 15.9 billion dollars, 475 dollars per resident, and 3331 dollars per smoker. Direct costs were 8.6 billion dollars (54% of the total), indirect costs due to lost productivity from illness were 1.5 billion dollars (10%), and indirect costs due to premature deaths were 5.7 billion dollars (36%). The cost of smoking was 9.4 billion dollars for men and 6.3 billion dollars for women. There were 43,137 deaths attributed to smoking, representing a total of 535,000 years of life lost. The value of life lost per death averaged 132,000 dollars, or 12.4 years.ConclusionsCalifornia smoking related costs are high. The cost methodology presented is useful for other states and nations interested in estimating their costs of smoking. Cost estimates can be used to evaluate the level of cigarette taxes and other policies related to smoking.
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Project description:Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is prevalent in people over 65 years old. PD reduces patients' quality of life and exerts a heavy economic burden on patients and their families. The purpose of this research is to identify the costs of PD and to evaluate the economic distribution of medical care for PD patients in China.A professional survey was administered to 116 patients with PD. Records of medical cost were reviewed. Direct and indirect costs were analyzed. The main cost-driving factors of PD were identified using multivariate regression analysis.The average annual cost per PD patient in China is $3,225.94, with direct and indirect costs accounting for $2,503.46 and $722.48, respectively. Direct costs consist of $556.27 for surgery, $44.67 for appointment fees, $605.67 for prescription medication, $460.29 for hospitalization, $71.03 for auxiliary examination, $35.64 for transportation, $10.39 for special equipment, and $719.50 for formal care. The total cost is closely related to surgical treatment, dopamine agonist, and levodopa costs.The cost of PD patients in China is considerable and exceeds average economic capacity, especially antiparkinson medication and caring costs. This study may provide a reference for PD healthcare optimization in the future.
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Project description:The economic burden of brucellosis care on patients can lead to significant financial strain, despite partial coverage by medical insurance. However, there is limited research on the out-of-pocket costs faced by brucellosis patients. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the costs and out-of-pocket expenses of brucellosis care, specifically examining the varying socioeconomic status of patients in Xinjiang, China. We collected cost and demographic data from 563 respondents and their hospital bills and employed latent variable analysis to assess socioeconomic status. The majority of patients belonged to the middle and lower socioeconomic status categories (85.97%), and they were primarily farmers and herders (82.77%). The median direct cost per brucellosis episode was USD 688.65, with out-of-pocket expenses amounting to USD 391.44. These costs exceeded both the 2020 Xinjiang and national per capita health expenditures (USD 233.66 and USD 267.21, respectively). Notably, the overall medical reimbursement rate was 48.60%, and for outpatient costs, it was merely 12.82%. Despite higher out-of-pocket costs among high socioeconomic status patients, the percentage of income spent was higher (37.23%) for patients in the lower socioeconomic status group compared to other groups (16.25% and 12.96%). In conclusion, our findings highlight that brucellosis patients are predominantly from the middle and lower socioeconomic status, with high out-of-pocket expenses placing them under significant financial pressure. Moreover, there is notable inequity in economic consequences across different socioeconomic status groups. These results call for policy interventions aimed at reducing brucellosis-related poverty and promoting equitable access to care.
| S-EPMC11316907 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ContextIn France more than 70,000 deaths from diseases related to smoking are recorded each year, and since 2005 prevalence of tobacco has increased. Providing free access to smoking cessation treatment would reduce this burden. The aim of our study was to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of providing free access to cessation treatment taking into account the cost offsets associated with the reduction of the three main diseases related to smoking: lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). To measure the financial impact of such a measure we also conducted a probabilistic budget impact analysis.Methods and findingsWe performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov state-transition model that compared free access to cessation treatment to the existing coverage of €50 provided by the French statutory health insurance, taking into account the cost offsets among current French smokers aged 15-75 years. Our results were expressed by the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in 2009 Euros per life year gained (LYG) at the lifetime horizon. We estimated a base case scenario and carried out a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis to account for uncertainty. Assuming a participation rate of 7.3%, the ICER value for free access to cessation treatment was €3,868 per LYG in the base case. The variation of parameters provided a range of ICER values from -€736 to €15,715 per LYG. In 99% of cases, the ICER for full coverage was lower than €11,187 per LYG. The probabilistic budget impact analysis showed that the potential cost saving for lung cancer, COPD and CVD ranges from €15 million to €215 million at the five-year horizon for an initial cessation treatment cost of €125 million to €421 million.ConclusionThe results suggest that providing medical support to smokers in their attempts to quit is very cost-effective and may even result in cost savings.
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Project description:ObjectiveThis study aims to provide an analysis of the current status and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in China, comparing trends with those in the United States (U.S.).MethodsData on lung cancer incidence and mortality rates spanning 2000 to 2018 were extracted from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for China and the U.S., respectively. Crude incidence and mortality rates were calculated by sex and age, with age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and mortality rates (ASMR) calculated using the Segi-Doll world standard population. Trend analyses employed Joinpoint regression models to determine average annual percentage change (AAPC). The study also assessed the proportion of new cases and deaths by sex and age.ResultsIn 2018, the ASIR of lung cancer for males in China was 50.72 per 100,000 and the ASMR was 39.69 per 100,000, the ASIR for females was 26.25 per 100,000 and the ASMR was 15.24 per 100,000. Both ASIR and ASMR were higher in males and the highest in the population aged 65 years and older, with the lowest among those aged 20-49 years. In China, female ASIR demonstrated an increasing trend (AAPC: 1.16%), while ASMR decreased in both sexes (AAPCs: -0.48% for males, -1.00% for females). The U.S. exhibited decreasing trends in both ASIR and ASMR across sexes and age groups.ConclusionsThe study identified an increasing trend in lung cancer incidence among females and a decreasing mortality trend in both sexes in China. These trends are likely linked to factors such as smoking prevalence, advancements in cancer screening, and improved medical care. The findings underscore the need for tailored lung cancer prevention measures in China, particularly the reinforcement of anti-smoking policies.
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Project description:Backgroundβ-thalassaemia major poses a substantial economic burden, especially in adults. We aimed to estimate the economic burden of adult patients with β-thalassaemia major from a societal perspective using the real-world data. According to the clinical guideline, we also estimated the annual medical costs for patients with the same body weight and calculated the lifetime medical costs over 50 years in mainland China.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study. An online survey with snowball sampling covering seven provinces was conducted. We extracted patient demographics, caregiver demographics, disease and therapy information, caring burden, and costs for adult patients diagnosed with β-thalassaemia major and their primary caregivers. In the real world, we estimated the annual direct medical cost, direct nonmedical cost, and indirect cost. In addition, we calculated the annual direct medical cost and lifetime direct medical cost by weight with discounted and undiscounted rates according to the clinical guideline.ResultsDirect medical costs was the main driver of total cost, with blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy as the most expensive components of direct medical cost. In addition, adult patients with β-thalassaemia major weighing 56 kg were associated with an increase of $2,764 in the annual direct medical cost using the real-world data. The undiscounted and discounted (5% discount rate) total lifetime treatment costs were $518,871 and $163,441, respectively.ConclusionsPatients with β-thalassaemia major often encounter a substantial economic burden in mainland China. Efforts must be made to help policymakers develop effective strategies to reduce the burden and pevalence of thalassaemia.
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Project description:BackgroundAt present, there are few studies on the economic burden and medical treatment of children with asthma in China. Thus this study aimed to investigate the economic burden of medical treatment of children with asthma in China.MethodThe 2015 China Medical Insurance Research Association (CHIRA) database was searched for patients with asthma from 0 to 14 years old. A cross-sectional study with cost analysis was conducted.ResultsThe annual per capita direct medical cost was RMB 525 (US$75) related to asthma. Totaling 58% of the medical expenditure for asthma was covered by insurance in China, the majority of which were direct medical costs. Those that have the highest rates of using antibiotics were central China (100.0%), children aged 3 years and under (63.6%), as well as fourth-tier and fifth-tier cities (77.1%). Outpatient clinics (98.58% vs 1.42%, P < 0.01), tertiary hospitals (62.08% vs 37.92%, P < 0.01), and general hospitals (72.27% vs 27.73%, P < 0.01) were more often visited than the inpatient clinics, secondary and primary as well as the specialized clinics, respectively.ConclusionThe economic burden of childhood asthma in China is relatively low, and the national medical insurance reduces their economic burden to a large extent. Abuse of antibiotics in treating asthma was found in China. There remain opportunities to strengthen the hierarchical medical system, reducing hospitalization and emergency visits, and ultimately reducing the economic burden of children with asthma.
| S-EPMC7433054 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are both detrimental diseases that present great burdens on society. Years of life lost (YLL), premature years of life lost (PYLL), working years lost (WYL), and productivity loss are all effective measures in identifying economic burden of disease.ObjectiveWe propose a population-based study to analyze comprehensive provincial cohorts of Saskatchewan residents with COPD, lung cancer, and combined COPD and lung cancer in order to identify the burden these diseases present.MethodsSaskatchewan residents over the age of 35 years who had COPD, lung cancer, or both, between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015, will be identified and used in this study. Data for analysis including age, gender, and date of death, alongside Statistics Canada income estimates, will be used to estimate productivity loss and WYL. Statistics Canada life tables will be used to calculate YLL and PYLL by subtracting the patients' ages at death by their life expectancies, adjusted using sex and age at death. We will link the Saskatchewan cancer registry with Saskatchewan health administrative databases to create three cohorts: (1) COPD; (2) lung cancer; and (3) COPD and lung cancer. Individuals with lung cancer will be identified using ICDO-T (International Classification of Diseases for Oncology-Topography) codes, and those with COPD will be defined and identified as individuals who had at least 1 visit to a physician with a diagnosis of COPD or 1 hospital separation with a diagnosis of COPD. Those without a valid health care coverage for a consecutive 12 months prior to the first diagnostic code will be excluded from the study. Those with a combined diagnosis of COPD and lung cancer will be identified as individuals who were diagnosed with COPD in the 12 months following their lung cancer diagnosis or anytime preceding their lung cancer diagnosis.ResultsAs of April 2021, we have had access to all relevant data for this study, have received funding (January 2020), and have begun the preliminary analysis of our data set.ConclusionsIt is well documented that COPD and lung cancer are both destructive diseases in terms of YLL, PYLL, WYL, and productivity loss; however, no studies have been conducted to analyze a cohort with combined COPD and lung cancer. Understanding the economic burden associated with each of our 3 cohorts is necessary in understanding and thus reducing the societal impact of COPD and lung cancer.International registered report identifier (irrid)RR1-10.2196/31350.
| S-EPMC8933801 | biostudies-literature