A defect of sphingolipid metabolism modifies the properties of normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wheeler D
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2577809 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The study was undertaken to determine the pathologic basis of subtle abnormalities in magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters observed in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in multiple sclerosis brains.Brain tissues were obtained through a rapid postmortem protocol that included in situ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Four types of MRI-defined regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed: (1) regions that were abnormal on all images (T2T1MTR lesions); (2) NAWM regions with slightly abnormal MTR located close to white matter lesions (sa-WM Close); (3) NAWM regions with slightly abnormal MTR located far from lesions (sa-WM Far); and (4) NAWM regions with normal MTR (NAWM). Immunohistochemical analysis for each ROI comprised immunostaining for myelin, axonal markers, activated microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, plasma proteins, and blood vessels.Forty-eight ROIs from 4 secondary progressive MS brains were analyzed. sa-WM Close ROIs were associated with significantly more axonal swellings. There were more enlarged major histocompatibility complex II(+) microglia and macrophages detected in sa-WM Far, sa-WM Close, and T2T1MTR lesions than in NAWM. Across all ROIs, MTR and DTI measures were moderately correlated with myelin density, axonal area, and axonal counts. Excluding T2T1MTR lesions from analysis revealed that MTR and DTI measures in nonlesional white matter (WM) were correlated with activated microglia, but not with axonal or myelin integrity.The pathologic substrates for MRI abnormalities in NAWM vary based on distance from focal WM lesions. Close to WM lesions, axonal pathology and microglial activation may explain subtle MRI changes. Distant from lesions, microglial activation associated with proximity to cortical lesions might underlie MRI abnormalities.
| S-EPMC3241216 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Normal-appearing white matter is far from normal in multiple sclerosis; little is known about the precise pathology or spatial pattern of this alteration and its relation to subsequent lesion formation. This study was undertaken to evaluate normal-appearing white matter abnormalities in brain areas where multiple sclerosis lesions subsequently form, and to investigate the spatial distribution of normal-appearing white matter abnormalities in persons with multiple sclerosis. Brain MRIs of pre-lesion normal-appearing white matter were analysed in participants with new T2 lesions, pooled from three clinical trials: SYNERGY (NCT01864148; n = 85 with relapsing multiple sclerosis) was the test data set; ASCEND (NCT01416181; n = 154 with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis) and ADVANCE (NCT00906399; n = 261 with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis) were used as validation data sets. Focal normal-appearing white matter tissue state was analysed prior to lesion formation in areas where new T2 lesions later formed (pre-lesion normal-appearing white matter) using normalized magnetization transfer ratio and T2-weighted (nT2) intensities, and compared with overall normal-appearing white matter and spatially matched contralateral normal-appearing white matter. Each outcome was analysed using linear mixed-effects models. Follow-up time (as a categorical variable), patient-level characteristics (including treatment group) and other baseline variables were treated as fixed effects. In SYNERGY, nT2 intensity was significantly higher, and normalized magnetization transfer ratio was lower in pre-lesion normal-appearing white matter versus overall and contralateral normal-appearing white matter at all time points up to 24 weeks before new T2 lesion onset. In ASCEND and ADVANCE (for which normalized magnetization transfer ratio was not available), nT2 intensity in pre-lesion normal-appearing white matter was significantly higher compared to both overall and contralateral normal-appearing white matter at all pre-lesion time points extending up to 2 years prior to lesion formation. In all trials, nT2 intensity in the contralateral normal-appearing white matter was also significantly higher at all pre-lesion time points compared to overall normal-appearing white matter. Brain atlases of normal-appearing white matter abnormalities were generated using measures of voxel-wise differences in normalized magnetization transfer ratio of normal-appearing white matter in persons with multiple sclerosis compared to scanner-matched healthy controls. We observed that overall spatial distribution of normal-appearing white matter abnormalities in persons with multiple sclerosis largely recapitulated the anatomical distribution of probabilities of T2 hyperintense lesions. Overall, these findings suggest that intrinsic spatial properties and/or longstanding precursory abnormalities of normal-appearing white matter tissue may contribute to the risk of autoimmune acute demyelination in multiple sclerosis.
| S-EPMC8453433 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In this study, we perform a region of interest diffusion tensor imaging and advanced diffusion complexity analysis of normal appearing white matter to determine the impact of vascular health on these diffusivity metrics in midlife adults. 77 participants (26 black, 35 female) at year 30 visit in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal study were scanned with an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery protocol. Fractional anisotropy and non-linear diffusion complexity measures were estimated. Cumulative measures across 30 years (9 study visits) of systolic blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, smoking and cholesterol were calculated as the area under the curve from baseline up to year 30 examination. Partial correlation analyses assessed the association between cumulative vascular health measures and normal appearing white matter diffusion metrics in these participants. Midlife normal appearing white matter diffusion properties were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with cumulative exposure to vascular risk factors from young adulthood over the 30-year time period. Higher cumulative systolic blood pressure exposure was associated with increased complexity and decreased fractional anisotropy. Higher cumulative body mass index exposure was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy. Additionally, in the normal appearing white matter of black participants (P < 0.05), who exhibited a higher cumulative vascular risk exposure, fractional anisotropy was lower and complexity was higher in comparison to normal appearing white matter in white participants. Higher burden of vascular risk factor exposure from young adulthood to midlife is associated with changes in the diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife. These changes which may reflect axonal disruption, increased inflammation and/or increased glial proliferation, were primarily observed in both anterior and posterior normal appearing white matter regions of the corpus callosum. These results suggest that microstructural changes in normal appearing white matter are sensitive to vascular health during young adulthood and are possibly therapeutic targets in interventions focused on preserving white matter health across life.
| S-EPMC8087895 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeAlthough cerebral perfusion alterations have long been acknowledged in multiple sclerosis (MS), the relationship between measurable perfusion changes and the status of highly active MS has not been examined. We hypothesized that alteration of perfusion can be detected in normal appearing white matter and is increased in high inflammatory patients.Materials and methodsThirty-three patients with relapsing-remitting MS underwent four monthly 3T MRI scans including dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted MRI. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured in normal appearing white matter. Patients were stratified in a high- and low-inflammatory group according to the number of new contrast enhancing lesions.ResultsThirteen patients were classified as high-inflammatory. Compared to low-inflammatory patients, the high-inflammatory group demonstrated significantly higher CBV (p = 0.001) and CBF (p = 0.014) values. A mixed model analysis to assess independent variables associated with CBV and CBF revealed that white matter lesion load and atrophy measurements had no significant influence on CBF and CBV.ConclusionThis work provides evidence that high inflammatory lesion load is associated with increased CBV and CBF, underlining the role of global modified microcirculation prior to leakage of the blood-brain barrier in the pathophysiology of MS. Perfusion changes might therefore be sensitive to active inflammation apart from lesion development without local blood-brain barrier breakdown, and could be utilized to further assess the metabolic aspect of current inflammation.
| S-EPMC4361628 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The epigenetic identity of oligodendrocytes is modulated by posttranslational modifications of histones. Acetylation of histone H3 results from the balance between the activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases and modulates transcriptional activation. We have previously shown that, in rodents, histone deacetylation favors oligodendrocyte differentiation, whereas acetylation is associated with increased levels of transcriptional inhibitors of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we report, in humans brains, a shift toward histone acetylation in the white matter of the frontal lobes of aged subjects and in patients with chronic multiple sclerosis (MS). Increased immunoreactivity for acetylated histone H3 was observed in the nuclei of NogoA+ oligodendrocytes in a subset of MS samples. These changes were associated with high levels of transcriptional inhibitors of oligodendrocyte differentiation (i.e., TCF7L2, ID2, and SOX2) and higher HAT transcript levels (i.e., CBP, P300) in female MS patients compared with non-neurological controls and correlated with disease duration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from samples of MS patients revealed enrichment of acetyl-histone H3 at the promoter of the increased target genes (i.e., TCF7L2). The data in chronic lesions contrasted with findings in early MS lesions, where a marked oligodendroglial histone deacetylation was observed. Together, these data suggest that histone deacetylation is a process that occurs at the early stages of the disease and whose efficiency decreases with disease duration.
| S-EPMC3081530 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology includes inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration, but the exact mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are unknown. A major feature of lesions is lack of myelin, which increases axonal energy demand and requires adaptation in number and size of mitochondria. Outside lesions, subtle and diffuse alterations are observed in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and normal appearing grey matter (NAGM), including increased oxidative stress, reduced axon density and changes in myelin composition and morphology. On an ultrastructural level, only limited data is available on alterations in myelinated axons. We generated large scale 2D scanning transmission electron microscopy images ('nanotomy') of non-demyelinated brain tissue of control and progressive MS donors, accessible via an open-access online repository. We observed a reduced density of myelinated axons in NAWM, without a decrease in cross-sectional axon area. Small myelinated axons were less frequently and large myelinated axons were more frequently present in NAWM, while the g-ratio was similar. The correlation between axonal mitochondrial radius and g-ratio was lost in NAWM, but not in NAGM. Myelinated axons in control GM and NAGM had a similar g-ratio and radius distribution. We hypothesize that axonal loss in NAWM is likely compensated by swelling of the remaining myelinated axons and subsequent adjustment of myelin thickness to maintain their g-ratio. Failure of axonal mitochondria to adjust their size and fine-tuning of myelin thickness may render NAWM axons and their myelin more susceptible to injury.
| S-EPMC10283269 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Our aim was to characterize the nature and extent of pathological changes in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using novel diffusion kurtosis imaging-derived white matter tract integrity (WMTI) metrics and to investigate the association between these WMTI metrics and clinical parameters. Thirty-two patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls underwent MRI and neurological examination. Maps of mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy and WMTI metrics (intra-axonal diffusivity, axonal water fraction, tortuosity and axial and radial extra-axonal diffusivity) were created. Tract-based spatial statistics analysis was performed to assess for differences in the NAWM between patients and controls. A region of interest analysis of the corpus callosum was also performed to assess for group differences and to evaluate correlations between WMTI metrics and measures of disease severity. Mean diffusivity and radial extra-axonal diffusivity were significantly increased while fractional anisotropy, axonal water fraction, intra-axonal diffusivity and tortuosity were decreased in MS patients compared with controls (p values ranging from <0.001 to <0.05). Axonal water fraction in the corpus callosum was significantly associated with the expanded disability status scale score (ρ = -0.39, p = 0.035). With the exception of the axial extra-axonal diffusivity, all metrics were correlated with the symbol digits modality test score (p values ranging from 0.001 to <0.05). WMTI metrics are thus sensitive to changes in the NAWM of MS patients and might provide a more pathologically specific, clinically meaningful and practical complement to standard diffusion tensor imaging-derived metrics.
| S-EPMC5369414 | biostudies-literature
Project description:White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin are a common finding in brain magnetic resonance imaging of older individuals and contribute to cognitive and functional decline. It is unknown how WMH form, although white matter degeneration is characterized pathologically by demyelination, axonal loss, and rarefaction, often attributed to ischemia. Changes within normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in subjects with WMH have also been reported but have not yet been fully characterized. Here, we describe the in vivo imaging signatures of both NAWM and WMH in a large group of community-dwelling older people of similar age using biomarkers derived from magnetic resonance imaging that collectively reflect white matter integrity, myelination, and brain water content. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were significantly lower, whereas mean diffusivity (MD) and longitudinal relaxation time (T1) were significantly higher, in WMH than NAWM (p < 0.0001), with MD providing the largest difference between NAWM and WMH. Receiver operating characteristic analysis on each biomarker showed that MD differentiated best between NAWM and WMH, identifying 94.6% of the lesions using a threshold of 0.747 × 10(-9) m(2)s(-1) (area under curve, 0.982; 95% CI, 0.975-0.989). Furthermore, the level of deterioration of NAWM was strongly associated with the severity of WMH, with MD and T1 increasing and FA and MTR decreasing in NAWM with increasing WMH score, a relationship that was sustained regardless of distance from the WMH. These multimodal imaging data indicate that WMH have reduced structural integrity compared with surrounding NAWM, and MD provides the best discriminator between the 2 tissue classes even within the mild range of WMH severity, whereas FA, MTR, and T1 only start reflecting significant changes in tissue microstructure as WMH become more severe.
| S-EPMC4321830 | biostudies-other
Project description:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the brain. Among characteristics of MS pathology are cortical grey matter abnormalities, which have been linked to clinical signs such as cognitive impairment. To understand MS cortical grey matter pathogenesis, we performed differential gene expression analysis of MS normal appearing grey matter (NAGM) and control grey matter. HLA-DRB1 is the transcript with highest expression in MS NAGM with a bimodal distribution among the examined cases. Genotyping revealed that every case with the MS-associated HLA-DR15 haplotype also shows high HLA-DRB1 expression. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the higher expression of HLA-DRB1 in HLA-DRB1*15:01 cases at the protein level. Analysis of grey matter lesion size revealed a significant increase of cortical lesion size in cases with high HLA-DRB1 expression. Our data indicate that increased HLA-DRB1 expression in the brain of MS patients may be an important factor in how the HLA-DR15 haplotype contributes to MS risk in the target organ.
2020-01-13 | GSE131281 | GEO
Project description:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the brain. Among characteristics of MS pathology are cortical grey matter abnormalities, which have been linked to clinical signs such as cognitive impairment. To understand MS cortical grey matter lesion pathogenesis, we performed differential gene expression analysis of MS cortical normal-appearing grey matter (NAGM) and grey matter lesions. HLA-DRB1 is the transcript with highest expression in MS NAGM with a bimodal distribution among the examined cases. Genotyping revealed that every case with the MS-associated HLA-DR15 haplotype also shows high HLA-DRB1 expression. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the higher expression of HLA-DRB1 in HLA-DRB1*15:01 cases at the protein level. Analysis of grey matter lesion size revealed a significant increase of cortical lesion size in cases with high HLA-DRB1 expression. Our data indicate that increased HLA-DRB1 expression in the brain of MS patients may be an important factor in how the HLA-DR15 haplotype contributes to MS risk in the target organ.
2020-01-13 | GSE131279 | GEO