Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in the United States.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Chesson HW
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2600200 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Background:In the United States, the routine age for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is 11 to 12 years, with catch-up vaccination through age 26 years for women and 21 years for men. U.S. vaccination policy on use of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in adult women and men is being reviewed. Objective:To evaluate the added population-level effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of extending the current U.S. HPV vaccination program to women aged 27 to 45 years and men aged 22 to 45 years. Design:The analysis used HPV-ADVISE (Agent-based Dynamic model for VaccInation and Screening Evaluation), an individual-based transmission dynamic model of HPV infection and associated diseases, calibrated to age-specific U.S. data. Data Sources:Published data. Target Population:Women aged 27 to 45 years and men aged 22 to 45 years in the United States. Time Horizon:100 years. Perspective:Health care sector. Intervention:9-valent HPV vaccination. Outcome Measures:HPV-associated outcomes prevented and cost-effectiveness ratios. Results of Base-Case Analysis:The model predicts that the current U.S. HPV vaccination program will reduce the number of diagnoses of anogenital warts and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or 3 and cases of cervical cancer and noncervical HPV-associated cancer by 82%, 80%, 59%, and 39%, respectively, over 100 years and is cost saving (vs. no vaccination). In contrast, extending vaccination to women and men aged 45 years is predicted to reduce these outcomes by an additional 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.2 percentage points, respectively. Vaccinating women and men up to age 30, 40, and 45 years is predicted to cost $830 000, $1 843 000, and $1 471 000, respectively, per quality-adjusted life-year gained (vs. current vaccination). Results of Sensitivity Analysis:Results were most sensitive to assumptions about natural immunity and progression rates after infection, historical vaccination coverage, and vaccine efficacy. Limitation:Uncertainty about the proportion of HPV-associated disease due to infections after age 26 years and about the level of herd effects from the current HPV vaccination program. Conclusion:The current HPV vaccination program is predicted to be cost saving. Extending vaccination to older ages is predicted to produce small additional health benefits and result in substantially higher incremental cost-effectiveness ratios than the current recommendation. Primary Funding Source:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
| S-EPMC7217714 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Women older than 30 years are the main beneficiaries of improved cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. The role of vaccination against HPV types 16 and 18, which is recommended routinely for preadolescent girls, is unclear in this age group. OBJECTIVE:To assess the health and economic outcomes of HPV vaccination in older U.S. women. DESIGN:Cost-effectiveness analysis with an empirically calibrated model. DATA SOURCES:Published literature. TARGET POPULATION:U.S. women aged 35 to 45 years. TIME HORIZON:Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE:Societal. INTERVENTION:HPV vaccination added to screening strategies that differ by test (cytology or HPV DNA testing), frequency, and start age versus screening alone. OUTCOME MEASURES:Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (2006 U.S. dollars per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained). RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS:In the context of annual or biennial screening, HPV vaccination of women aged 35 to 45 years ranged from $116 950 to $272 350 per QALY for cytology with HPV DNA testing for triage of equivocal results and from $193 690 to $381 590 per QALY for combined cytology and HPV DNA testing, depending on age and screening frequency. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:The probability of HPV vaccination being cost-effective for women aged 35 to 45 years was 0% with annual or biennial screening and less than 5% with triennial screening, at thresholds considered good value for money. LIMITATION:The natural history of the disease and the efficacy of the vaccine in older women are uncertain. CONCLUSION:Given currently available information, the effectiveness of HPV vaccination for women older than 30 years who are screened seems to be small. Compared with current screening that uses sensitive HPV DNA testing, HPV vaccination is associated with less attractive cost-effectiveness ratios in this population than those for other, well-accepted interventions in the United States.
| S-EPMC2779121 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cervical cancer remains a significant disease in the United States. Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been approved for those aged 9-26 years and for some individuals up to age 45 years, there are many circumstances in which health care professionals may not know whether the vaccine should be recommended, such as for patients with previous infection, health care workers, and those older than age 26 years. This article highlights the evidence that the HPV vaccine is a safe and highly effective way to prevent cervical cancer, with the strongest predictor of vaccine uptake being practitioner recommendation.
| S-EPMC9858349 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Vaccination against pertussis has reduced the disease burden dramatically, but the most severe cases and almost all fatalities occur in infants too young to be vaccinated. Recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that targeted vaccination of mothers during pregnancy can reduce pertussis incidence in their infants. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antepartum maternal vaccination in the United States, we created an age-stratified transmission model, incorporating empirical data on US contact patterns and explicitly modeling parent-infant exposure. Antepartum maternal vaccination incurs costs of $114,000 (95% prediction interval: 82,000, 183,000) per quality-adjusted life-year, in comparison with the strategy of no adult vaccination, and is cost-effective in the United States according to World Health Organization criteria. By contrast, vaccinating a second parent is not cost-effective, and vaccination of either parent postpartum is strongly dominated by antepartum maternal vaccination. Nonetheless, postpartum vaccination of mothers who were not vaccinated antepartum improves upon the current recommendation of untargeted adult vaccination. Additionally, the temporary direct protection of the infant due to maternal antibody transfer has efficacy for infants comparable to that conferred to toddlers by the full primary vaccination series. Efficient protection against pertussis for infants begins before birth. We highly recommend antepartum vaccination for as many US mothers as possible.
| S-EPMC4908210 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAssessing the impact and effectiveness of HPV vaccines on anogenital warts in the United States can provide early indication of the success of vaccination programs as well as identify potential areas for improvement.MethodsArticles were identified from the PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases. Exclusion criteria were applied, and remaining studies were then classified as impact or effectiveness studies.ResultsEight eligible studies published through March 2018 were included. Population-based impact studies examining trends in diagnoses reported consistent declines in females ages 25 years and younger after 2006 when routine female vaccination began in the United States. Declines in males ages 25 years and younger were also seen; however, these declines were lower than those in females and more evident after routine male vaccination began in 2011. Among females and males older than 25 years, little to no change has been seen in the trends of anogenital warts since 2006. Studies that included the pre-vaccine era (before 2006) reported increasing trends during this period. After vaccine introduction, a reversal in these trends was observed. Effectiveness studies that included individual-level vaccination histories consistently demonstrated a lower risk of anogenital warts for those receiving at least one dose of the vaccine compared to those unvaccinated.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the degree of HPV vaccine impact has varied substantially by age and sex. Achieving the full prevention potential of HPV vaccines will likely require greater coverage among both females and males. Post-licensure estimates of effectiveness demonstrate the real-world benefit of the vaccine.
| S-EPMC6640846 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPandemic influenza A(H1N1) (pH1N1) was first identified in North America in April 2009. Vaccination against pH1N1 commenced in the U.S. in October 2009 and continued through January 2010. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pH1N1 vaccination.MethodologyA computer simulation model was developed to predict costs and health outcomes for a pH1N1 vaccination program using inactivated vaccine compared to no vaccination. Probabilities, costs and quality-of-life weights were derived from emerging primary data on pH1N1 infections in the US, published and unpublished data for seasonal and pH1N1 illnesses, supplemented by expert opinion. The modeled target population included hypothetical cohorts of persons aged 6 months and older stratified by age and risk. The analysis used a one-year time horizon for most endpoints but also includes longer-term costs and consequences of long-term sequelae deaths. A societal perspective was used. Indirect effects (i.e., herd effects) were not included in the primary analysis. The main endpoint was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in dollars per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity analyses were conducted.ResultsFor vaccination initiated prior to the outbreak, pH1N1 vaccination was cost-saving for persons 6 months to 64 years under many assumptions. For those without high risk conditions, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $8,000-$52,000/QALY depending on age and risk status. Results were sensitive to the number of vaccine doses needed, costs of vaccination, illness rates, and timing of vaccine delivery.ConclusionsVaccination for pH1N1 for children and working-age adults is cost-effective compared to other preventive health interventions under a wide range of scenarios. The economic evidence was consistent with target recommendations that were in place for pH1N1 vaccination. We also found that the delays in vaccine availability had a substantial impact on the cost-effectiveness of vaccination.
| S-EPMC3146485 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a booster strategy in the United States.MethodsWe developed a decision-analytic Markov model of COVID-19 to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a booster strategy of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (administered 6 months after the second dose) among older adults from a healthcare system perspective.ResultsCompared with 2 doses of BNT162b2 without a booster, the booster strategy in a 100,000 cohort of older adults would incur an additional cost of $3.4 million in vaccination cost but save $6.7 million in direct medical cost and gain 3.7 quality-adjusted life-years in 180 days. This corresponds to a benefit-cost ratio of 1.95 and a net monetary benefit of $3.4 million. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicates that a booster strategy has a high chance (67%) of being cost-effective. Notably, the cost-effectiveness of the booster strategy is highly sensitive to the population incidence of COVID-19, with a cost-effectiveness threshold of 8.1/100,000 person-day. If vaccine efficacies reduce by 10%, 30%, and 50%, this threshold will increase to 9.7/100,000, 13.9/100,000, and 21.9/100,000 person-day, respectively.ConclusionOffering the BNT162b2 booster to older adults aged ≥65 years in the United States is likely to be cost-effective. Less efficacious vaccines and boosters may still be cost-effective in settings of high SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
| S-EPMC8938315 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Every year in the United States more than 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, a disease principally caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines protect against 66% of HPV-associated cervical cancers, and a new nonavalent vaccine protects against an additional 15% of cervical cancers. However, vaccination policy varies across states, and migration between states interdependently dilutes state-specific vaccination policies. To quantify the economic and epidemiological impacts of switching to the nonavalent vaccine both for individual states and for the nation as a whole, we developed a model of HPV transmission and cervical cancer incidence that incorporates state-specific demographic dynamics, sexual behavior, and migratory patterns. At the national level, the nonavalent vaccine was shown to be cost-effective compared with the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines at any coverage despite the greater per-dose cost of the new vaccine. Furthermore, the nonavalent vaccine remains cost-effective with up to an additional 40% coverage of the adolescent population, representing 80% of girls and 62% of boys. We find that expansion of coverage would have the greatest health impact in states with the lowest coverage because of the decreasing marginal returns of herd immunity. Our results show that if policies promoting nonavalent vaccine implementation and expansion of coverage are coordinated across multiple states, all states benefit both in health and in economic terms.
| S-EPMC4983834 | biostudies-other
Project description:The study was conducted to estimate the relative cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States from a payer's perspective.A Markov model was constructed to simulate costs for 16 contraceptive methods and no method over a 5-year period. Failure rates, adverse event rates and resource utilization were derived from the literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed on costs and failure rates.Any contraceptive method is superior to "no method". The three least expensive methods were the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) (US$647), vasectomy (US$713) and levonorgestrel (LNG)-20 intrauterine system (IUS) (US$930). Results were sensitive to the cost of contraceptive methods, the cost of an unintended pregnancy and plan disenrollment rates.The copper-T IUD, vasectomy and the LNG-20 IUS are the most cost-effective contraceptive methods available in the United States. Differences in method costs, the cost of an unintended pregnancy and time horizon are influential factors that determine the overall value of a contraceptive method.
| S-EPMC3638200 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage remains suboptimal in the United States, underscoring the importance of monitoring trends in vaccine hesitancy.MethodsCross-sectional data from the 2011-2020 National Immunization Survey-Teen were used to assess trends in HPV vaccination initiation among 13-17-year-olds, parental intent to initiate vaccination, and primary reasons for parental hesitancy.ResultsAmong all sex and race and ethnicity groups, the prevalence of HPV vaccination initiation increased over time, but parental intent to vaccinate against HPV for unvaccinated teens remained consistently low (≤45%). Among hesitant parents, "safety concerns" increased in nearly all demographic groups, with the greatest increases observed for non-Hispanic white female and male teens and no change for non-Hispanic black female teens. In 2019-2020, parents of unvaccinated non-Hispanic white teens were least likely to intend on vaccinating their teens, and the most common reason for hesitancy varied by sex and race and ethnicity (eg, "safety concerns" for white teens and "not necessary" for black female teens).ConclusionsAlthough HPV vaccination initiation increased over time, a substantial fraction of parents remain hesitant, and trends in their reason varied by sex and race and ethnicity. Health campaigns and clinicians should address vaccine safety and necessity.
| S-EPMC10469123 | biostudies-literature