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A conserved active site tyrosine residue of proline dehydrogenase helps enforce the preference for proline over hydroxyproline as the substrate.

ABSTRACT: Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) catalyzes the oxidation of l-proline to Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. PRODHs exhibit a pronounced preference for proline over hydroxyproline (trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline) as the substrate, but the basis for specificity is unknown. The goal of this study, therefore, is to gain insight into the structural determinants of substrate specificity of this class of enzyme, with a focus on understanding how PRODHs discriminate between the two closely related molecules, proline and hydroxyproline. Two site-directed mutants of the PRODH domain of Escherichia coli PutA were created: Y540A and Y540S. Kinetics measurements were performed with both mutants. Crystal structures of Y540S complexed with hydroxyproline, proline, and the proline analogue l-tetrahydro-2-furoic acid were determined at resolutions of 1.75, 1.90, and 1.85 A, respectively. Mutation of Tyr540 increases the catalytic efficiency for hydroxyproline 3-fold and decreases the specificity for proline by factors of 20 (Y540S) and 50 (Y540A). The structures show that removal of the large phenol side chain increases the volume of the substrate-binding pocket, allowing sufficient room for the 4-hydroxyl of hydroxyproline. Furthermore, the introduced serine residue participates in recognition of hydroxyproline by forming a hydrogen bond with the 4-hydroxyl. This result has implications for understanding the substrate specificity of the related enzyme human hydroxyproline dehydrogenase, which has serine in place of tyrosine at this key active site position. The kinetic and structural results suggest that Tyr540 is an important determinant of specificity. Structurally, it serves as a negative filter for hydroxyproline by clashing with the 4-hydroxyl group of this potential substrate.

SUBMITTER: Ostrander EL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2665022 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A conserved active site tyrosine residue of proline dehydrogenase helps enforce the preference for proline over hydroxyproline as the substrate.

Ostrander Elizabeth L EL Larson John D JD Schuermann Jonathan P JP Tanner John J JJ

Biochemistry 20090201 5

Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) catalyzes the oxidation of l-proline to Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. PRODHs exhibit a pronounced preference for proline over hydroxyproline (trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline) as the substrate, but the basis for specificity is unknown. The goal of this study, therefore, is to gain insight into the structural determinants of substrate specificity of this class of enzyme, with a focus on understanding how PRODHs discriminate between the two closely related molecules, prol ...[more]

PMID: 19140736

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Project description:Sinorhizobium meliloti forms N2-fixing root nodules on alfalfa, and as a free-living bacterium, it can grow on a very broad range of substrates, including l-proline and several related compounds, such as proline betaine, trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline (trans-4-l-Hyp), and cis-4-hydroxy-d-proline (cis-4-d-Hyp). Fourteen hyp genes are induced upon growth of S. meliloti on trans-4-l-Hyp, and of those, hypMNPQ encodes an ABC-type trans-4-l-Hyp transporter and hypRE encodes an epimerase that converts trans-4-l-Hyp to cis-4-d-Hyp in the bacterial cytoplasm. Here, we present evidence that the HypO, HypD, and HypH proteins catalyze the remaining steps in which cis-4-d-Hyp is converted to ?-ketoglutarate. The HypO protein functions as a d-amino acid dehydrogenase, converting cis-4-d-Hyp to ?(1)-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate, which is deaminated by HypD to ?-ketoglutarate semialdehyde and then converted to ?-ketoglutarate by HypH. The crystal structure of HypD revealed it to be a member of the N-acetylneuraminate lyase subfamily of the (?/?)8 protein family and is consistent with the known enzymatic mechanism for other members of the group. It was also shown that S. meliloti can catabolize d-proline as both a carbon and a nitrogen source, that d-proline can complement l-proline auxotrophy, and that the catabolism of d-proline is dependent on the hyp cluster. Transport of d-proline involves the HypMNPQ transporter, following which d-proline is converted to ?(1)-pyrroline-2-carboxylate (P2C) largely via HypO. The P2C is converted to l-proline through the NADPH-dependent reduction of P2C by the previously uncharacterized HypS protein. Thus, overall, we have now completed detailed genetic and/or biochemical characterization of 9 of the 14 hyp genes.Hydroxyproline is abundant in proteins in animal and plant tissues and serves as a carbon and a nitrogen source for bacteria in diverse environments, including the rhizosphere, compost, and the mammalian gut. While the main biochemical features of bacterial hydroxyproline catabolism were elucidated in the 1960s, the genetic and molecular details have only recently been determined. Elucidating the genetics of hydroxyproline catabolism will aid in the annotation of these genes in other genomes and metagenomic libraries. This will facilitate an improved understanding of the importance of this pathway and may assist in determining the prevalence of hydroxyproline in a particular environment.

Dataset Information

A conserved active site tyrosine residue of proline dehydrogenase helps enforce the preference for proline over hydroxyproline as the substrate.

Publications

A conserved active site tyrosine residue of proline dehydrogenase helps enforce the preference for proline over hydroxyproline as the substrate.

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