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Ultra-fine frequency tuning revealed in single neurons of human auditory cortex.

ABSTRACT: Just-noticeable differences of physical parameters are often limited by the resolution of the peripheral sensory apparatus. Thus, two-point discrimination in vision is limited by the size of individual photoreceptors. Frequency selectivity is a basic property of neurons in the mammalian auditory pathway. However, just-noticeable differences of frequency are substantially smaller than the bandwidth of the peripheral sensors. Here we report that frequency tuning in single neurons recorded from human auditory cortex in response to random-chord stimuli is far narrower than that typically described in any other mammalian species (besides bats), and substantially exceeds that attributed to the human auditory periphery. Interestingly, simple spectral filter models failed to predict the neuronal responses to natural stimuli, including speech and music. Thus, natural sounds engage additional processing mechanisms beyond the exquisite frequency tuning probed by the random-chord stimuli.

SUBMITTER: Bitterman Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2676858 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Ultra-fine frequency tuning revealed in single neurons of human auditory cortex.

Bitterman Y Y Mukamel R R Malach R R Fried I I Nelken I I

Nature 20080101 7175

Just-noticeable differences of physical parameters are often limited by the resolution of the peripheral sensory apparatus. Thus, two-point discrimination in vision is limited by the size of individual photoreceptors. Frequency selectivity is a basic property of neurons in the mammalian auditory pathway. However, just-noticeable differences of frequency are substantially smaller than the bandwidth of the peripheral sensors. Here we report that frequency tuning in single neurons recorded from hum ...[more]

PMID: 18185589

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Project description:Dendritic cells (DCs) are the sentinels of the mammalian immune system and they undergo a complex maturation process mediated by activation upon pathogen detection. Recent studies described the analysis of activated DCs by transcriptional profiling, but translation regulation was never taken in account. Therefore, the nature of the mRNAs being translated at various stages of DC activation was determined with the help of translational profiling, which is the sucrose gradient fractionation of polysomal-bound mRNAs combined to microarrays analysis. Total and polysomal-bound mRNA populations were compared in immature (0h) and LPS-stimulated (4h and 16h) human monocyte-derived DCs with the help of Affymetrix microarrays. Biostatistical analysis indicated that 296 mRNA molecules are translationally regulated during DC-activation. The most abundant biological process among the regulated mRNAs was protein biosynthesis, indicating the existence of a negative feedback loop regulating translation. Interestingly, a cluster of 17 ribosomal proteins were part of the regulated mRNAs, indicating that translation may be fine-tuned by particular components of the translational machinery. Our observations highlight the importance of translation regulation during the immune response, and may favour the identification of novel gene clusters or protein networks relevant for immunity. Our study also provides information on the possible absence of correlation between gene expression and real protein production in DCs. To identify translationally regulated mRNA molecules, gene expression derived from the polysome-bound mRNAs was compared by Affymetrix microarrays analysis to the gene expression derived from unfractionated total mRNAs derived from whole-cell lysates, as recently described on several reports (Johannes 1999, Rajasekhar 2003, Bushell 2006, Lü 2006, Parent 2008). Polysomal RNA (P) and total RNA (T) were isolated from MoDCs generated from four different blood donors. Since three timepoints (0h, 4h and 16h) were chosen for each blood donor and RNA type, twenty-four RNA samples were totally analyzed by microarrays.

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Ultra-fine frequency tuning revealed in single neurons of human auditory cortex.

Publications

Ultra-fine frequency tuning revealed in single neurons of human auditory cortex.

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