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Mapping protein-protein interactions by localized oxidation: consequences of the reach of hydroxyl radical.

ABSTRACT: Hydroxyl radicals generated from a variety of methods, including not only synchrotron radiation but also Fenton reactions involving chelated iron, have become an accepted macromolecular footprinting tool. Hydroxyl radicals react with proteins via multiple mechanisms that lead to both polypeptide backbone cleavage events and side chain modifications (e.g., hydroxylation and carbonyl formation). The use of site-specifically tethered iron chelates can reveal protein-protein interactions, but the interpretation of such experiments will be strengthened by improving our understanding of how hydroxyl radicals produced at a point on a protein react with other protein sites. We have developed methods for monitoring carbonyl formation on proteins as a function of distance from a hydroxyl generator, iron-(S)-1-[p-(bromoacetamido)benzyl]EDTA (FeBABE), conjugated to an engineered cysteine residue. After activation of the chelated iron with ascorbate and peroxide produces new protein carbonyl groups, their positions can be identified using element-coded affinity tagging (ECAT), with carbonyl-specific tags {e.g., rare earth chelates of (S)-2-[4-(2-aminooxy)acetamidobenzyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (AOD)} that allow for affinity purification, identification, and relative quantitation of oxidation sites using mass spectrometry. Intraprotein oxidation of single-cysteine mutants of Escherichia coli sigma(70) by tethered FeBABE was used to calibrate the reach of hydroxyl radical by comparison to the crystal structure; the application to protein-protein interactions was demonstrated using the same sigma(70) FeBABE conjugates in complexes with the RNA polymerase core enzyme. The results provide fundamental information for interpreting protein footprinting experiments in other systems.

SUBMITTER: Cheal SM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2713361 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mapping protein-protein interactions by localized oxidation: consequences of the reach of hydroxyl radical.

Cheal Sarah M SM Ng Mindy M Barrios Brianda B Miao Zheng Z Kalani Amir K AK Meares Claude F CF

Biochemistry 20090601 21

Hydroxyl radicals generated from a variety of methods, including not only synchrotron radiation but also Fenton reactions involving chelated iron, have become an accepted macromolecular footprinting tool. Hydroxyl radicals react with proteins via multiple mechanisms that lead to both polypeptide backbone cleavage events and side chain modifications (e.g., hydroxylation and carbonyl formation). The use of site-specifically tethered iron chelates can reveal protein-protein interactions, but the in ...[more]

PMID: 19354299

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Project description:Measurements from hydroxyl radical footprinting (HRF) provide rich information about the solvent accessibility of amino acid side chains of a protein. Traditional HRF data analyses focus on comparing the difference in the modification/footprinting rate of a specific site to infer structural changes across two protein states, e.g., between a free and ligand-bound state. However, the rate information itself is not fully used for the purpose of comparing different protein sites within a protein on an absolute scale. To provide such a cross-site comparison, we present a new, to our knowledge, data analysis algorithm to convert the measured footprinting rate constant to a protection factor (PF) by taking into account the known intrinsic reactivity of amino acid side chain. To examine the extent to which PFs can be used for structural interpretation, this PF analysis is applied to three model systems where radiolytic footprinting data are reported in the literature. By visualizing structures colored with the PF values for individual peptides, a rational view of the structural features of various protein sites regarding their solvent accessibility is revealed, where high-PF regions are buried and low-PF regions are more exposed to the solvent. Furthermore, a detailed analysis correlating solvent accessibility and local structural contacts for gelsolin shows a statistically significant agreement between PF values and various structure measures, demonstrating that the PFs derived from this PF analysis readily explain fundamental HRF rate measurements. We also tested this PF analysis on alternative, chemical-based HRF data, showing improved correlations of structural properties of a model protein barstar compared to examining HRF rate data alone. Together, this PF analysis not only permits a novel, to our knowledge, approach of mapping protein structures by using footprinting data, but also elevates the use of HRF measurements from a qualitative, cross-state comparison to a quantitative, cross-site assessment of protein structures in the context of individual conformational states of interest.

Dataset Information

Mapping protein-protein interactions by localized oxidation: consequences of the reach of hydroxyl radical.

Publications

Mapping protein-protein interactions by localized oxidation: consequences of the reach of hydroxyl radical.

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