Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in drinking water treatment and distribution systems.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Xi C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2737933 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The ammonia-oxidizing prokaryote (AOP) community in three groundwater treatment plants and connected distribution systems was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and sequence analysis targeting the amoA gene of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Results demonstrated that AOB and AOA numbers increased during biological filtration of ammonia-rich anoxic groundwater, and AOP were responsible for ammonium removal during treatment. In one of the treatment trains at plant C, ammonia removal correlated significantly with AOA numbers but not with AOB numbers. Thus, AOA were responsible for ammonia removal in water treatment at one of the studied plants. Furthermore, an observed negative correlation between the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the water and AOA numbers suggests that high DOC levels might reduce growth of AOA. AOP entered the distribution system in numbers ranging from 1.5 x 10(3) to 6.5 x 10(4) AOPs ml(-1). These numbers did not change during transport in the distribution system despite the absence of a disinfectant residual. Thus, inactive AOP biomass does not seem to be degraded by heterotrophic microorganisms in the distribution system. We conclude from our results that AOA can be commonly present in distribution systems and groundwater treatment, where they can be responsible for the removal of ammonia.
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Project description:Drinking water microbes in DWDSs
| PRJNA663849 | ENA
Project description:Retrospective analysis of 20 water systems from the USEPA's Arsenic Demonstration Program revealed three patterns of arsenic levels at the tap, after arsenic treatment of the source well water. Following an initial destabilization period, Pattern A systems (6/20 with low iron/manganese in source water and plastic piping) had arsenic concentrations that did not change as water traveled to consumer taps (conservative contaminant behavior). Pattern B systems (8/20 with high iron/manganese in source water and iron piping) had consistently higher arsenic concentrations at consumer taps, above the arsenic content of incoming treated water, for months to more than a year after arsenic treatment (non-conservative behavior). Pattern C systems (6/20 with additional occasional arsenic treatment complications) experienced multiple arsenic spikes at consumer taps (non-conservative and unpredictable behavior). These field observations suggest that in some water distribution systems arsenic may linger long after it has been removed at its source.
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Project description:UnlabelledThe majority of biomass within water distribution systems is in the form of attached biofilm. This is known to be central to drinking water quality degradation following treatment, yet little understanding of the dynamics of these highly heterogeneous communities exists. This paper presents original information on such dynamics, with findings demonstrating patterns of material accumulation, seasonality, and influential factors. Rigorous flushing operations repeated over a 1-year period on an operational chlorinated system in the United Kingdom are presented here. Intensive monitoring and sampling were undertaken, including time-series turbidity and detailed microbial analysis using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results show that bacterial dynamics were influenced by differences in the supplied water and by the material remaining attached to the pipe wall following flushing. Turbidity, metals, and phosphate were the main factors correlated with the distribution of bacteria in the samples. Coupled with the lack of inhibition of biofilm development due to residual chlorine, this suggests that limiting inorganic nutrients, rather than organic carbon, might be a viable component in treatment strategies to manage biofilms. The research also showed that repeat flushing exerted beneficial selective pressure, giving another reason for flushing being a viable advantageous biofilm management option. This work advances our understanding of microbiological processes in drinking water distribution systems and helps inform strategies to optimize asset performance.ImportanceThis research provides novel information regarding the dynamics of biofilm formation in real drinking water distribution systems made of different materials. This new knowledge on microbiological process in water supply systems can be used to optimize the performance of the distribution network and to guarantee safe and good-quality drinking water to consumers.
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Project description:Biofilms are the main carrier of microbial communities throughout drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), and strongly affect the safety of drinking water. Understanding biofilm formation potential and chlorine resistance is necessary for exploring future disinfection strategies and preventing water-borne diseases. This study investigated biofilm formation of five bacterial strains isolated from a simulated DWDS at different incubation times (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h), then evaluated chlorine resistance of 72 h incubated biofilms under chlorine concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1, 2, 4, and 10 mg L-1. All five bacterial strains had biofilm formation potential when incubated for 72 h. The biofilm formation potential of Acinetobacter sp. was stronger than that of Bacillus cereus, Microbacterium sp. and Sphingomonas sp. were moderate, and that of Acidovorax sp. was weak. In contrast, the order of chlorine resistance was Bacillus sp. > Sphingomonas sp. > Microbacterium sp. > Acidovorax sp. > Acinetobacter sp. Thus, the chlorine resistance of a single-species biofilm has little relation with the biofilm formation potential. The biofilm biomass is not a major factor affecting chlorine resistance. Moreover, the chlorine resistance of a single-species biofilm is highly related to the physiological state of bacterial cells, such as their ability to form spores or secrete extracellular polymeric substances, which could reduce the sensitivity of the single-species biofilm to a disinfectant or otherwise protect the biofilm.
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Project description:With the increasing spread of antimicrobial resistance, there is growing attention to the contribution made by drinking water systems. The potential health impact of two drinking water treatment and distribution systems (A and B) in the North-West Province of South Africa was determined by investigating the water quality and occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant heterotrophic bacteria and genes in the raw and treated water over four seasons. Most of the physicochemical parameters except for electrical conductivity were within permissible limits. Coliform bacteria reduced from raw to potable water except for counts higher than the threshold recorded in Summer and Winter. A total of 203 heterotrophic bacterial isolates were recovered on chromogenic R2A medium and subjected to susceptibility testing to twelve antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to ?-lactam antibiotics and Trimethoprim, whereas they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Neomycin. The proportions of Cephalothin and Kanamycin-resistant isolates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after treatment for site A, compared to significantly lower ?-lactam, Oxytetracycline, and Trimethoprim-resistant isolates for B. Over 50% of isolates were of high risk, indicating their origin from high antibiotic-use sources. Seventy-one (35%) isolates were multidrug-resistant, out of which the majority (53.5%, n = 38) possessed the strA gene, followed by strB 21 (29.6%), dfrB 13 (18.3%), aadA 11 (15.5%), blaCTX-M 5 (7.0%), and tetA 3 (4.2%). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates revealed strains belonging to eight bacterial families, some of which are clinically important.
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Project description:Drinking water distribution systems were analyzed for viable counts of mycobacteria by sampling water from waterworks and in different parts of the systems. In addition, loose deposits collected during mechanical cleaning of the main pipelines were similarly analyzed. The study covered 16 systems at eight localities in Finland. In an experimental study, mycobacterial colonization of biofilms on polyvinyl chloride tubes in a system was studied. The isolation frequency of mycobacteria increased from 35% at the waterworks to 80% in the system, and the number of mycobacteria in the positive samples increased from 15 to 140 CFU/liter, respectively. Mycobacteria were isolated from all 11 deposits with an accumulation time of tens of years and from all 4 deposits which had accumulated during a 1-year follow-up time. The numbers of mycobacteria were high in both old and young deposits (medians, 1.8 x 10(5) and 3.9 x 10(5) CFU/g [dry weight], respectively). Both water and deposit samples yielded the highest numbers of mycobacteria in the systems using surface water and applying ozonation as an intermediate treatment or posttreatment. The number and growth of mycobacteria in system waters correlated strongly with the concentration of assimilable organic carbon in the water leaving the waterworks. The densities of mycobacteria in the developing biofilms were highest at the distal sites of the systems. Over 90% of the mycobacteria isolated from water and deposits belonged to Mycobacterium lentiflavum, M. tusciae, M. gordonae, and a previously unclassified group of mycobacteria. Our results indicate that drinking water systems may be a source for recently discovered new mycobacterial species.
| S-EPMC383162 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Information on the co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) among bacterial communities in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) is scarce. This study characterized ARGs and MRGs in five well-maintained DWDSs in Finland. The studied DWDSs had different raw water sources and treatment methods. Two of the waterworks employed artificially recharged groundwater (ARGW) and used no disinfection in the treatment process. The other three waterworks (two surface and one groundwater source) used UV light and chlorine during the treatment process. Ten bulk water samples (two from each DWDS) were collected, and environmental DNA was extracted and then sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform for high-throughput shotgun metagenome sequencing. A total of 430 ARGs were characterized among all samples with the highest diversity of ARGs identified from samples collected from non-disinfected DWDSs. Furthermore, non-disinfected DWDSs contained the highest diversity of bacterial communities. However, samples from DWDSs using disinfectants contained over double the ratio of ARG reads to 16S rRNA gene reads and most of the MRG (namely mercury and arsenic resistance genes). The total reads and types of ARGs conferring genes associated with antibiotic groups namely multidrug resistance, and bacitracin, beta-lactam, and aminoglycoside and mercury resistance genes increased in waterworks treating surface water with disinfection. The findings of this study contribute toward a comprehensive understanding of ARGs and MRGs in DWDSs. The occurrence of bacteria carrying antibiotic or metal resistance genes in drinking water causes direct exposure to people, and thus, more systematic investigation is needed to decipher the potential effect of these resistomes on human health.
| S-EPMC8859300 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may directly threaten human health. This study used a metagenomic approach to investigate the ARG profile in a drinking water treatment system (DWTS) in south China. In total, 317 ARG subtypes were detected; specifically, genes encoding bacitracin, multidrug, and sulfonamide were widely detected in the DWTS. Putative ARG hosts included Acidovorax (6.0%), Polynucleobacter (4.3%), Pseudomonas (3.4%), Escherichia (1.7%), and Klebsiella (1.5%) as the enriched biomarkers in the DWTS, which mainly carried bacitracin, beta-lactam, and aminoglycoside ARGs. From a further analysis of ARG-carrying contigs (ACCs), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common pathogens among the 49 ACC pathogens in the DWTS. The metagenomic binning results demonstrated that 33 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were discovered in the DWTS; particularly, the MAG identified as S. maltophilia-like (bin.195) harbored the greatest number of ARG subtypes (n = 8), namely, multidrug (n = 6; smeD, semE, multidrug_transporter, mexE, semB, and smeC), beta-lactam (n = 1; metallo-beta-lactamase), and aminoglycoside [n = 1; aph(3')-IIb]. The strong positive correlation between MGEs and ARG subtypes revealed a high ARG dissemination risk in the DWTS. Based on the pure-culture method, 93 isolates that belong to 30 genera were recovered from the DWTS. Specifically, multidrug-resistant pathogens and opportunistic pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and S. maltophilia were detected in the DWTS. These insights into the DWTS's antibiotic resistome indicated the need for more comprehensive ARG monitoring and management in the DWTS. Furthermore, more effective disinfection methods need to be developed to remove ARGs in DWTSs, and these findings could assist governing bodies in the surveillance of antibiotic resistance in DWTSs.
| S-EPMC8902363 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sphingomonadaceae (n = 86) were isolated from a drinking water treatment plant (n = 6), tap water (n = 55), cup fillers for dental chairs (n = 21), and a water demineralization filter (n = 4). The bacterial isolates were identified based on analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, and intraspecies variation was assessed on the basis of atpD gene sequence analysis. The isolates were identified as members of the genera Sphingomonas (n = 27), Sphingobium (n = 28), Novosphingobium (n = 12), Sphingopyxis (n = 7), and Blastomonas (n = 12). The patterns of susceptibility to five classes of antibiotics were analyzed and compared for the different sites of isolation and taxonomic groups. Colistin resistance was observed to be intrinsic (92%). The highest antibiotic resistance prevalence values were observed in members of the genera Sphingomonas and Sphingobium and for beta-lactams, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole. In tap water and in water from dental chairs, antibiotic resistance was more prevalent than in the other samples, mainly due to the predominance of isolates of the genera Sphingomonas and Sphingobium. These two genera presented distinct patterns of association with antibiotic resistance, suggesting different paths of resistance development. Antibiotic resistance patterns were often related to the species rather than to the site or strain, suggesting the importance of vertical resistance transmission in these bacteria. This is the first study demonstrating that members of the family Sphingomonadaceae are potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance in drinking water.
| S-EPMC3165245 | biostudies-literature