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The sense of place in the immune system.

ABSTRACT: This series of reviews examines the effect of differing tissue environments on the activity and functional capacity of cells in the immune system. From their origins as hematopoietic stem cells, throughout their development and as mature cells, cells of the immune system find themselves in distinct and highly specialized niches, and contact with antigen or inflammatory signals changes their phenotype, activity and trafficking. Two-photon microscopy has provided the first direct observations of living cells and their activation choreography in the tissue environment and will no doubt continue to provide greater understanding of cellular dynamics and immune function.

SUBMITTER: Cahalan MD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2752360 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The sense of place in the immune system.

Cahalan Michael D MD Gutman George A GA

Nature immunology 20060401 4

This series of reviews examines the effect of differing tissue environments on the activity and functional capacity of cells in the immune system. From their origins as hematopoietic stem cells, throughout their development and as mature cells, cells of the immune system find themselves in distinct and highly specialized niches, and contact with antigen or inflammatory signals changes their phenotype, activity and trafficking. Two-photon microscopy has provided the first direct observations of l ...[more]

PMID: 16550194

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Grape berry ripening is influenced by climate, the main component of the "terroir" of a place. Light and temperature are major factors in the vineyard that affect berry development and fruit metabolite composition. RESULTS:To better understand the effect of "place" on transcript abundance during the late stages of berry ripening, Cabernet Sauvignon berries grown in Bordeaux and Reno were compared at similar sugar levels (19 to 26 °Brix (total soluble solids)). Day temperatures were warmer and night temperatures were cooler in Reno. °Brix was lower in Bordeaux berries compared to Reno at maturity levels considered optimum for harvest. RNA-Seq analysis identified 5528 differentially expressed genes between Bordeaux and Reno grape skins at 22°Brix. Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis for all expressed transcripts for all four °Brix levels measured indicated that the majority (75%) of transcript expression differed significantly between the two locations. Top gene ontology categories for the common transcript sets were translation, photosynthesis, DNA metabolism and catabolism. Top gene ontology categories for the differentially expressed genes at 22°Brix involved response to stimulus, biosynthesis and response to stress. Some differentially expressed genes encoded terpene synthases, cell wall enzymes, kinases, transporters, transcription factors and photoreceptors. Most circadian clock genes had higher transcript abundance in Bordeaux. Bordeaux berries had higher transcript abundance with differentially expressed genes associated with seed dormancy, light, auxin, ethylene signaling, powdery mildew infection, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid and terpenoid metabolism, whereas Reno berries were enriched with differentially expressed genes involved in water deprivation, cold response, ABA signaling and iron homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS:Transcript abundance profiles in the berry skins at maturity were highly dynamic. RNA-Seq analysis identified a smaller (25% of total) common core set of ripening genes that appear not to depend on rootstock, vineyard management, plant age, soil and climatic conditions. Much of the gene expression differed between the two locations and could be associated with multiple differences in environmental conditions that may have affected the berries in the two locations; some of these genes may be potentially controlled in different ways by the vinegrower to adjust final berry composition and reach a desired result.

Dataset Information

The sense of place in the immune system.

Publications

The sense of place in the immune system.

Similar Datasets

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