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Dual role of the second extracellular loop of the cannabinoid receptor 1: ligand binding and receptor localization.

ABSTRACT: The seven transmembrane alpha-helices of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the hallmark of this superfamily. Intrahelical interactions are critical to receptor assembly and, for the GPCR subclass that binds small molecules, ligand binding. Most research has focused on identifying the ligand binding pocket within the helical bundle, whereas the role of the extracellular loops remains undefined. Molecular modeling of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) extracellular loop 2 (EC2), however, suggests that EC2 is poised for key interactions. To test this possibility, we employed alanine scanning mutagenesis of CB1 EC2 and identified two distinct regions critical for ligand binding, G protein coupling activity, and receptor trafficking. Receptors with mutations in the N terminus of EC2 (W255A, N256A) were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and did not bind the agonist (1R,3R,4R)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-phenyl]-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexan-1-ol (CP55940) or the inverse agonist N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(SR141716A). In contrast, the C terminus of EC2 differentiates agonist and inverse agonist; the P269A, H270A, and I271A receptors exhibited diminished binding for several agonists but bound inverse agonists SR141716A, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251), and 4-[6-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-3-carbonyl]benzonitrile (LY320135) with wild-type receptor affinity. The F268A receptor involving substitution in the Cys-X-X-X-Ar motif, displayed both impaired localization and ligand binding. Other amino acid substitutions at position 268 revealed that highly hydrophobic residues are required to accomplish both functions. It is noteworthy that a F268W receptor was trafficked to the cell surface yet displayed differential binding preference for inverse agonists comparable with the P269A, H270A, and I271A receptors. The findings are consistent with a dual role for EC2 in stabilizing receptor assembly and in ligand binding.

SUBMITTER: Ahn KH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2769047 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Dual role of the second extracellular loop of the cannabinoid receptor 1: ligand binding and receptor localization.

Ahn Kwang H KH Bertalovitz Alexander C AC Mierke Dale F DF Kendall Debra A DA

Molecular pharmacology 20090730 4

The seven transmembrane alpha-helices of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the hallmark of this superfamily. Intrahelical interactions are critical to receptor assembly and, for the GPCR subclass that binds small molecules, ligand binding. Most research has focused on identifying the ligand binding pocket within the helical bundle, whereas the role of the extracellular loops remains undefined. Molecular modeling of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) extracellular loop 2 (EC2), however, sugge ...[more]

PMID: 19643997

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Project description:The A2a adenosine receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, is important in the regulation of dopaminergic pathways of the brain and in platelet and cardiovascular functions. In this study, the role of extracellular loops in ligand binding to the human A2a receptor was explored through site-directed mutagenesis. Four glutamate/aspartate residues (Glu151, Glu161, Glu169, and Asp170) in the second extracellular loop (E2) and a cysteine residue (Cys262) in the third extracellular loop (E3) were individually replaced with alanine and other amino acids. A proline residue (Pro173) in E2 was mutated to arginine, the homologous amino acid in A3 receptors. The binding properties of the resultant mutant receptors were determined in transfected COS-7 cells. The mutant receptors were tagged at their amino terminus with a hemagglutinin epitope, thus allowing their detection in the plasma membrane with immunological techniques. High affinity specific binding of [3H]2-[4-[(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl]ethyl-amino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoad eno sine (15 nM) and [3H]8-[4-[[[[2-aminoethyl)-amino]carbonyl]methyl]oxy]phenyl]-1,3- dipropylxanthine (4nM), an A2a agonist and antagonist, respectively, was not observed with four of the mutant receptors, E151A, E151Q, E151D, and E169A, although they were well expressed at the cell surface. The E151A and E169A mutant receptors showed nearly full stimulation of adenylyl cyclase at approximately 10(3)-fold higher concentrations of 2-[4-[(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl]ethyl-amino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine . The E161A mutant receptor showed as increase in affinity for the nonxanthine adenosine antagonist 9-chloro-2-(furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine(6 fold) but not for other ligands. An E169Q mutant gained affinity (5-22 fold) for adenosine derivatives (agonists) substituted at N6 but not at C2 or C5' positions. Mutant receptors D170K and P173R were similar to wild-type receptors in binding of both agonist and antagonist radioligands. A C262G mutant also resembled the wild-type receptor in radioligand binding, indicating that a potential disulfide bridge with another cysteine residue in proximity is not required for the structural integrity of the receptor. Our data suggest that certain amino acids in the second extracellular loop may be directly or indirectly involved in ligand binding.

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Dual role of the second extracellular loop of the cannabinoid receptor 1: ligand binding and receptor localization.

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Dual role of the second extracellular loop of the cannabinoid receptor 1: ligand binding and receptor localization.

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