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Domain 4 of the anthrax protective antigen maintains structure and binding to the host receptor CMG2 at low pH.

ABSTRACT: Domain 4 of the anthrax protective antigen (PA) plays a key role in cellular receptor recognition as well as in pH-dependent pore formation. We present here the 1.95 A crystal structure of domain 4, which adopts a fold that is identical to that observed in the full-length protein. We have also investigated the structural properties of the isolated domain 4 as a function of pH, as well as the pH-dependence on binding to the von Willebrand factor A domain of capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2). Our results provide evidence that the isolated domain 4 maintains structure and interactions with CMG2 at pH 5, a pH that is known to cause release of the receptor on conversion of the heptameric prepore (PA(63))(7) to a membrane-spanning pore. Our results suggest that receptor release is not driven solely by a pH-induced unfolding of domain 4.

SUBMITTER: Williams AS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2788282 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Domain 4 of the anthrax protective antigen maintains structure and binding to the host receptor CMG2 at low pH.

Williams Alexander S AS Lovell Scott S Anbanandam Asokan A El-Chami Rahif R Bann James G JG

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 20091101 11

Domain 4 of the anthrax protective antigen (PA) plays a key role in cellular receptor recognition as well as in pH-dependent pore formation. We present here the 1.95 A crystal structure of domain 4, which adopts a fold that is identical to that observed in the full-length protein. We have also investigated the structural properties of the isolated domain 4 as a function of pH, as well as the pH-dependence on binding to the von Willebrand factor A domain of capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2 ...[more]

PMID: 19722284

Similar Datasets

pH effects on binding between the anthrax protective antigen and the host cellular receptor CMG2.

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Long-range stabilization of anthrax protective antigen upon binding to CMG2.

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Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Variants That Selectively Utilize either the CMG2 or TEM8 Receptors for Cellular Uptake and Tumor Targeting.

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Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin.

Project description:Anthrax toxin from Bacillus anthracis is a three-component toxin consisting of lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF), and protective antigen (PA). LF and EF are the catalytic components of the toxin, whereas PA is the receptor-binding component. To identify residues of PA that are involved in interaction with the cellular receptor, two solvent-exposed loops of domain 4 of PA (amino acids [aa] 679 to 693 and 704 to 723) were mutagenized, and the altered proteins purified and tested for toxicity in the presence of LF. In addition to the intended substitutions, novel mutations were introduced by errors that occurred during PCR. Substitutions within the large loop (aa 704 to 723) had no effect on PA activity. A mutated protein, LST-35, with three substitutions in the small loop (aa 679 to 693), bound weakly to the receptor and was nontoxic. A mutated protein, LST-8, with changes in three separate regions did not bind to receptor and was nontoxic. Toxicity was greatly decreased by truncation of the C-terminal 3 to 5 aa, but not by their substitution with nonnative residues or the extension of the terminus with nonnative sequences. Comparison of the 28 mutant proteins described here showed that the large loop (aa 704 to 722) is not involved in receptor binding, whereas residues in and near the small loop (aa 679 to 693) play an important role in receptor interaction. Other regions of domain 4, in particular residues at the extreme C terminus, appear to play a role in stabilizing a conformation needed for receptor-binding activity.

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Project description:The three protein components of anthrax toxin are nontoxic individually, but they form active holotoxin complexes upon assembly. The role of the protective antigen (PA) component of the toxin is to deliver two other enzyme components, lethal factor and edema factor, across the plasma membrane and into the cytoplasm of target cells. PA is produced as a proprotein, which must be proteolytically activated; generally, cell surface activation is mediated by a furin family protease. Activated PA can then assemble into one of two noninterconverting oligomers, a homoheptamer and a homooctamer, which have unique properties. Herein we describe molecular determinants that influence the stoichiometry of PA in toxin complexes. By tethering PA domain 4 (D4) to domain 2 with two different-length cross-links, we can control the relative proportions of PA heptamers and octamers. The longer cross-link favors octamer formation, whereas the shorter one favors formation of the heptamer. X-ray crystal structures of PA (up to 1.45 Å resolution), including these cross-linked PA constructs, reveal that a hinge-like movement of D4 correlates with the relative preference for each oligomeric architecture. Furthermore, we report the conformation of the flexible loop containing the furin cleavage site and show that, for efficient processing, the furin site cannot be moved ~5 or 6 residues within the loop. We propose that there are different orientations of D4 relative to the main body of PA that favor the formation of either the heptamer or the octamer.

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Selection of anthrax toxin protective antigen variants that discriminate between the cellular receptors TEM8 and CMG2 and achieve targeting of tumor cells.

Project description:Anthrax toxin, a three-component protein toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, assembles into toxic complexes at the surface of receptor-bearing eukaryotic cells. The protective antigen (PA) protein binds to receptors, either tumor endothelial cell marker 8 (TEM8) or CMG2 (capillary morphogenesis protein 2), and orchestrates the delivery of the lethal and edema factors into the cytosol. TEM8 is reported to be overexpressed during tumor angiogenesis, whereas CMG2 is more widely expressed in normal tissues. To extend prior work on targeting of tumor with modified anthrax toxins, we used phage display to select PA variants that preferentially bind to TEM8 as compared with CMG2. Substitutions were randomly introduced into residues 605-729 of PA, within the C-terminal domain 4 of PA, which is the principal region that contacts receptor. Candidates were characterized in cellular cytotoxicity assays with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing either TEM8 or CMG2. A PA mutant having the substitutions R659S and M662R had enhanced specificity toward TEM8-overexpressing CHO cells. This PA variant also displayed broad and potent tumoricidal activity to various human tumor cells, especially to HeLa and A549/ATCC cells. By contrast, the substitution N657Q significantly reduced toxicity to TEM8 but not CMG2-overexpressing CHO cells. Our results indicate that certain amino acid substitutions within PA domain 4 create anthrax toxins that selectively kill human tumor cells. The PA R659S/M662R protein may be useful as a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.

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Anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8: mutation of conserved inserted domain residues overrides cytosolic control of protective antigen binding.

Project description:Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1)/tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is one of two known proteinaceous cell surface anthrax toxin receptors. A metal ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) present in the integrin-like inserted (I) domain of ANTXR1 mediates the binding of the anthrax toxin subunit, protective antigen (PA). Here we provide evidence that single point mutations in the I domain can override regulation of ANTXR1 ligand-binding activity mediated by intracellular signals. A previously reported MIDAS mutant of ANTXR1 (T118A) was found to retain normal metal ion binding and secondary structure but failed to bind PA, consistent with a locked inactive state. Conversely, mutation of a conserved I domain phenylalanine residue to a tryptophan (F205W) increased the proportion of cell-surface ANTXR1 that bound PA, consistent with a locked active state. Interestingly, the K(D) and total amount of PA bound by the isolated ANTXR1 I domain were not affected by the F205W mutation, indicating that ANTXR1 is preferentially found in the active state in the absence of inside-out signaling. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that structural changes between T118A, F205W, and WT I domains were minor despite a greater than 10(3)-fold difference in their abilities to bind toxin. Regulation of toxin binding has important implications for the design of toxin inhibitors and for the targeting of ANTXR1 for antitumor therapies.

| S-EPMC2942075 | biostudies-literature

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against defined linear epitopes on domain 4 of anthrax protective antigen.

Project description:The anthrax protective antigen (PA) is the receptor-binding subunit common to lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET), which are responsible for the high mortality rates associated with inhalational Bacillus anthracis infection. Although recombinant PA (rPA) is likely to be an important constituent of any future anthrax vaccine, evaluation of the efficacies of the various candidate rPA vaccines is currently difficult, because the specific B-cell epitopes involved in toxin neutralization have not been completely defined. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of two murine monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibodies (MAbs), 1-F1 and 2-B12, which recognize distinct linear neutralizing epitopes on domain 4 of PA. 1-F1 recognized a 12-mer peptide corresponding to residues 692 to 703; this epitope maps to a region of domain 4 known to interact with the anthrax toxin receptor CMG-2 and within a conformation-dependent epitope recognized by the well-characterized neutralizing MAb 14B7. As expected, 1-F1 blocked PA's ability to associate with CMG-2 in an in vitro solid-phase binding assay, and it protected murine macrophage cells from intoxication with LT. 2-B12 recognized a 12-mer peptide corresponding to residues 716 to 727, an epitope located immediately adjacent to the core 14B7 binding site and a stretch of amino acids not previously identified as a target of neutralizing antibodies. 2-B12 was as effective as 1-F1 in neutralizing LT in vitro, although it only partially inhibited PA binding to its receptor. Mice passively administered 1-F1 or 2-B12 were partially protected against a lethal challenge with LT. These results advance our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms by which antibodies neutralize anthrax toxin and may have future application in the evaluation of candidate rPA vaccines.

| S-EPMC2772530 | biostudies-literature

A protective antigen mutation increases the pH threshold of anthrax toxin receptor 2-mediated pore formation.

Project description:Anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) binds cellular receptors and self-assembles into oligomeric prepores. A prepore converts to a protein translocating pore after it has been transported to an endosome where the low pH triggers formation of a membrane-spanning β-barrel channel. Formation of this channel occurs after some PA-receptor contacts are broken to allow pore formation, while others are retained to preserve receptor association. The interaction between PA and anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) is weaker than its interaction with ANTXR2 such that the pH threshold of ANTXR1-mediated pore formation is higher by 1 pH unit. Here we examine receptor-specific differences in toxin binding and pore formation by mutating PA residue G342 that selectively abuts ANTXR2. Mutation of G342 to valine, leucine, isoleucine, or tryptophan increased the amount of PA bound to ANTXR1-expressing cells and decreased the amount of PA bound to ANTXR2-expressing cells. The more conservative G342A mutation did not affect the level of binding to ANTXR2, but ANTXR2-bound PA-G342A prepores exhibited a pH threshold higher than that of wild-type prepores. Mixtures of wild-type PA and PA-G342A were functional in toxicity assays, and the pH threshold of ANTXR2-mediated pore formation was dictated by the relative amounts of the two proteins in the hetero-oligomers. These results suggest that PA subunits within an oligomer do not have to be triggered simultaneously for a productive membrane insertion event to occur.

| S-EPMC3985898 | biostudies-other

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