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Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel.

ABSTRACT: This is the 1st longitudinal examination of trajectories of resilience and resistance (rather than ill-being) among a national sample under ongoing threat of mass casualty. The authors interviewed a nationally representative sample of Jews and Arabs in Israel (N = 709) at 2 times during a period of terrorist and rocket attacks (2004-2005). The resistance trajectory, exhibiting few or no symptoms of traumatic stress and depression at both time points, was substantially less common (22.1%) than has previously been documented in studies following single mass casualty events. The resilience trajectory, exhibiting initial symptoms and becoming relatively nonsymptomatic, was evidenced by 13.5% of interviewees. The chronic distress trajectory was documented among a majority of participants (54.0%), and a small proportion of persons were initially relatively symptom-free but became distressed (termed delayed distress trajectory; 10.3%). Less psychosocial resource loss and majority status (Jewish) were the most consistent predictors of resistance and resilience trajectories, followed by greater socioeconomic status, greater support from friends, and less report of posttraumatic growth.

SUBMITTER: Hobfoll SE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2813144 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel.

Hobfoll Stevan E SE Palmieri Patrick A PA Johnson Robert J RJ Canetti-Nisim Daphna D Hall Brian J BJ Galea Sandro S

Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 20090201 1

This is the 1st longitudinal examination of trajectories of resilience and resistance (rather than ill-being) among a national sample under ongoing threat of mass casualty. The authors interviewed a nationally representative sample of Jews and Arabs in Israel (N = 709) at 2 times during a period of terrorist and rocket attacks (2004-2005). The resistance trajectory, exhibiting few or no symptoms of traumatic stress and depression at both time points, was substantially less common (22.1%) than ha ...[more]

PMID: 19170460

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Project description:A changing climate is altering ecosystem carbon dynamics with consequences for natural systems and human economies, but there are few tools available for land managers to meaningfully incorporate carbon trajectories into planning efforts. To address uncertainties wrought by rapidly changing conditions, many practitioners adopt resistance and resilience as ecosystem management goals, but these concepts have proven difficult to monitor across landscapes. Here, we address the growing need to understand and plan for ecosystem carbon with concepts of resistance and resilience. Using time series of carbon fixation (n = 103), we evaluate forest management treatments and their relative impacts on resistance and resilience in the context of an expansive and severe natural disturbance. Using subalpine spruce-fir forest with a known management history as a study system, we match metrics of ecosystem productivity (net primary production, g C m-2 year-1 ) with site-level forest structural measurements to evaluate (1) whether past management efforts impacted forest resistance and resilience during a spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak, and (2) how forest structure and physiography contribute to anomalies in carbon trajectories. Our analyses have several important implications. First, we show that the framework we applied was robust for detecting forest treatment impacts on carbon trajectories, closely tracked changes in site-level biomass, and was supported by multiple evaluation methods converging on similar management effects on resistance and resilience. Second, we found that stand species composition, site productivity, and elevation predicted resistance, but resilience was only related to elevation and aspect. Our analyses demonstrate application of a practical approach for comparing forest treatments and isolating specific site and physiographic factors associated with resistance and resilience to biotic disturbance in a forest system, which can be used by managers to monitor and plan for both outcomes. More broadly, the approach we take here can be applied to many scenarios, which can facilitate integrated management and monitoring efforts.

Project description:ObjectiveDistress tolerance (DT), the ability to withstand aversive internal states, represents an important risk factor for substance use relapse and a potential treatment target. Neurobiological research in substance using populations suggests that continued substance use could erode DT, whereas abstinence could bolster it. The current study characterized trajectories of behavioral and self-reported indices of DT and examined the prospective effect of substance use on DT trajectories among those seeking treatment for substance use.MethodIndividuals (N = 263, Mage = 42.68, SD = 11.8, 70.7% male, 94.7% African American) in residential substance use treatment completed subjective (Distress Tolerance Scale) and behavioral (Mirror Tracing Persistence Task-computerized version) DT measures, as well as report of daily substance use (timeline follow-back) over 5 assessment time-points from pretreatment to 12 months posttreatment. Latent curve modeling estimated DT trajectories and their associations with substance use behavior, including abstinence duration (days until first use) and substance use frequency (percentage of substance use days between assessments).ResultsSelf-reported and behavioral DT indicators both exhibited positive, nonlinear change over time (standardized slope parameter estimates: Distress Tolerance Scale β = 0.61, p < .01; Mirror Tracing Persistence Task β = 0.34, p < .01). Abstinence duration was associated with greater improvement in behavioral (β = .20, p = .03) DT specifically. Frequency of use was statistically significantly associated with attenuated behavioral DT at 6-month (β = -.12, p = .03) and 12-month follow-ups (β = -.08, p = .045).ConclusionsDT appears to improve appreciably posttreatment, and return to substance use may shape the degree of this improvement. Collectively, these findings support the conceptualization of DT as a malleable treatment target and emphasize the benefit of abstinence on improvement in DT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Project description:BACKGROUND:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database on terrorist incidents around the world since 1970, and it is maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START; College Park, Maryland USA), a US Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence. The consortium reviews media reports to determine if an event meets eligibility to be categorized as a terrorism incident for entry into the database. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to characterize chemical terrorism incidents reported to the GTD and understand more about the kinds of chemical agents used, the associated morbidity and mortality, the geography of incidents, and the intended targets. METHODS:Chemical terrorism incidents from 1970 through 2015 were analyzed by chemical agent category, injury and fatality, geographic region, and target. RESULTS:During the study period, 156,772 terrorism incidents were reported to the GTD, of which 292 (0.19%) met the inclusion criteria for analysis as a chemical terrorism incident. The reported chemical agent categories were: unknown chemical (30.5%); corrosives (23.3%); tear gas/mace (12.3%); unspecified gas (11.6%); cyanide (8.2%); pesticides (5.5%); metals (6.5%); and nerve gas (2.1%). On average, chemical terrorism incidents resulted in 51 injuries (mean range across agents: 2.5-1,622.0) and seven deaths (mean range across agents: 0.0-224.3) per incident. Nerve gas incidents (2.1%) had the highest mean number of injuries (n = 1,622) and fatalities (n = 224) per incident. The highest number of chemical terrorism incidents occurred in South Asia (29.5%), Western Europe (16.8%), and Middle East/North Africa (13.0%). The most common targets were private citizens (19.5%), of which groups of women (22.8%) were often the specific target. Incidents targeting educational institutions often specifically targeted female students or teachers (58.1%). CONCLUSIONS:Chemical terrorism incidents rarely occur; however, the use of certain chemical terrorism agents, for example nerve gas, can cause large mass-causality events that can kill or injure thousands with a single use. Certain regions of the world had higher frequency of chemical terrorism events overall, and also varied in their frequencies of the specific chemical terrorism agent used. Data suggest that morbidity and mortality vary by chemical category and by region. Results may be helpful in developing and optimizing regional chemical terrorism preparedness activities.

Dataset Information

Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel.

Publications

Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel.

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