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The role of MMP-9 in the anti-angiogenic effect of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a matricellular glycoprotein, modulates cellular interaction with the extracellular matrix and is capable of altering the growth of various cancers. We therefore sought to determine the effect of SPARC expression on medulloblastoma tumour growth and angiogenesis.

Methods

To this extent, we selected three SPARC full-length cDNA overexpressed clones (Daoy-SP). Consequences of SPARC overexpression were studied in terms of cell growth, angiogenesis using co-culture assay in vitro, dorsal skin-fold chamber assay in vivo, PCR Array for human angiogenic genes, as well as western blotting for angiogenic molecules and tumour growth, in an orthotopic tumour model.

Results

The SPARC protein and mRNA levels were increased by approximately three-fold in Daoy-SP cells compared with parental (Daoy-P) and vector (Daoy-EV) controls. Daoy-SP clones reduced tumour cell-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and formed small tumours with fewer blood vessels when compared with controls. Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were decreased in Daoy-SP clones. Further, inhibition of MMP-9 expression caused SPARC-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis and tumour growth as MMP-9 rescued SPARC-mediated anti-angiogenic effect in vitro and tumour growth inhibition in vivo.

Conclusion

Overexpression of SPARC decreases angiogenesis, which leads to decreased tumour growth. Further, the role of MMP-9 could be attributed to the anti-angiogenic effect of SPARC.

SUBMITTER: Bhoopathi P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2822952 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:IntroductionSecreted Protein, Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein involved in many biological processes and found over-expressed in cirrhotic livers. By mean of a genetic approach we herein provide evidence from different in vivo liver disease models suggesting a profibrogenic role for SPARC.MethodsTwo in vivo models of liver fibrosis, based on TAA administration and bile duct ligation, were developed on SPARC wild-type (SPARC(+/+)) and knock-out (SPARC(-/-)) mice. Hepatic SPARC expression was analyzed by qPCR. Fibrosis was assessed by Sirius Red staining, and the maturation state of collagen fibers was analyzed using polarized light. Necroinflammatory activity was evaluated by applying the Knodell score and liver inflammatory infiltration was characterized by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic stellate cell activation was assessed by ?-SMA immunohistochemistry. In addition, pro-fibrogenic genes and inflammatory cytokines were measured by qPCR and/or ELISA. Liver gene expression profile was analyzed in SPARC(-/-) and SPARC(+/+) mice using Affymetrix Mouse Gene ST 1.0 array.ResultsSPARC expression was found induced in fibrotic livers of mouse and human. SPARC(-/-) mice showed a reduction in the degree of inflammation, mainly CD4+ cells, and fibrosis. Consistently, collagen deposits and mRNA expression levels were decreased in SPARC(-/-) mice when compared to SPARC(+/+) mice; in addition, MMP-2 expression was increased in SPARC(-/-) mice. A reduction in the number of activated myofibroblasts was observed. Moreover, TGF-?1 expression levels were down-regulated in the liver as well as in the serum of TAA-treated knock-out animals. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) analysis suggested several gene networks which might involve protective mechanisms of SPARC deficiency against liver fibrogenesis and a better established machinery to repair DNA and detoxify from external chemical stimuli.ConclusionsOverall our data suggest that SPARC plays a significant role in liver fibrogenesis. Interventions to inhibit SPARC expression are suggested as promising approaches for liver fibrosis treatment.

Project description:Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant plasma protein. The main reason for using HSA as a versatile tool for drug delivery is based on its ability to accumulate in tumors. However, the mechanism of albumin accumulation in tumors is not yet clear. Many researchers using HSA as a drug-carrier have focused on the passive tumor targeting by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, while other investigators proposed that albumin binding proteins mediate albumin accumulation in tumors. We investigated whether HSA accumulation in tumors is mediated by the EPR effect or by secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), which is known to be an albumin-binding protein. Methods: To investigate the role of SPARC on HSA accumulation in tumors, we compared HSA uptake in U87MG glioblastoma cells with different SPARC expression. U87MG cells generally express high levels of SPARC and were, therefore, used as SPARC-rich cells. SPARC-less U87MG (U87MG-shSPARC) cells were established by viral-shSPARC transduction. We detected cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled HSA by confocal microscopy in U87MG and U87MG-shSPARC cells. To demonstrate the mechanism of HSA accumulation in tumors, we injected FNR648-labeled HSA and FITC-labeled dextran in U87MG and U87MG-shSPARC tumor-bearing mice and observed their micro-distribution in tumor tissues. Results: HSA was internalized in cells by binding with SPARC in vitro. HSA accumulation in U87MG glioma was associated with SPARC expression in vivo. FITC-dextran was distributed in U87MG tumors in the vicinity of blood vessels. The distribution of HSA, on the other hand, was observed in the regions remote from blood vessels of U87MG tumor tissues but not in U87MG-shSPARC tumor tissues. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the tumor-distribution of HSA is affected not only by the EPR-effect but also by SPARC expression. SPARC enhances HSA accumulation in U87MG glioma and mediates active targeting of HSA in tumors.