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Initiation of DNA replication after fertilization is regulated by p90Rsk at pre-RC/pre-IC transition in starfish eggs.

ABSTRACT: Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is controlled through an ordered assembly of protein complexes at replication origins. The molecules involved in this process are well conserved but diversely regulated. Typically, initiation of DNA replication is regulated in response to developmental events in multicellular organisms. Here, we elucidate the regulation of the first S phase of the embryonic cell cycle after fertilization. Unless fertilization occurs, the Mos-MAPK-p90Rsk pathway causes the G1-phase arrest after completion of meiosis in starfish eggs. Fertilization shuts down this pathway, leading to the first S phase with no requirement of new protein synthesis. However, how and in which stage the initiation complex for DNA replication is arrested by p90Rsk remains unclear. We find that in G1-arrested eggs, chromatin is loaded with the Mcm complex to form the prereplicative complex (pre-RC). Inactivation of p90Rsk is necessary and sufficient for further loading of Cdc45 onto chromatin to form the preinitiation complex (pre-IC) and the subsequent initiation of DNA replication. However, cyclin A-, B-, and E-Cdk's activity and Cdc7 accumulation are dispensable for these processes. These observations define the stage of G1 arrest in unfertilized eggs at transition point from pre-RC to pre-IC, and reveal a unique role of p90Rsk for a negative regulator of this transition. Thus, initiation of DNA replication in the meiosis-to-mitosis transition is regulated at the pre-RC stage as like in the G1 checkpoint, but in a manner different from the checkpoint.

SUBMITTER: Tachibana K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2841915 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Initiation of DNA replication after fertilization is regulated by p90Rsk at pre-RC/pre-IC transition in starfish eggs.

Tachibana Kazunori K Mori Masashi M Matsuhira Takashi T Karino Tomotake T Inagaki Takuro T Nagayama Ai A Nishiyama Atsuya A Hara Masatoshi M Kishimoto Takeo T

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20100225 11

Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is controlled through an ordered assembly of protein complexes at replication origins. The molecules involved in this process are well conserved but diversely regulated. Typically, initiation of DNA replication is regulated in response to developmental events in multicellular organisms. Here, we elucidate the regulation of the first S phase of the embryonic cell cycle after fertilization. Unless fertilization occurs, the Mos-MAPK-p90Rsk pathway c ...[more]

PMID: 20185755

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Project description:BackgroundFertilization of echinoderm eggs is accompanied by dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton and by a drastic increase of cytosolic Ca(2+). Since the plasma membrane-enriched phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) serves as the precursor of inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (InsP(3)) and also regulates actin-binding proteins, PIP2 might be involved in these two processes.Methodology/principal findingsIn this report, we have studied the roles of PIP2 at fertilization of starfish eggs by using fluorescently tagged pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of PLC-?1, which has specific binding affinity to PIP2, in combination with Ca(2+) and F-actin imaging techniques and transmission electron microscopy. During fertilization, PIP2 increased at the plasma membrane in two phases rather than continually decreasing. The first increase was quickly followed by a decrease about 40 seconds after sperm-egg contact. However, these changes took place only after the Ca(2+) wave had already initiated and propagated. The fertilized eggs then displayed a prolonged increase of PIP2 that was accompanied by the appearance of numerous spikes in the perivitelline space during the elevation of the fertilization envelope (FE). These spikes, protruding from the plasma membrane, were filled with microfilaments. Sequestration of PIP2 by RFP-PH at higher doses resulted in changes of subplasmalemmal actin networks which significantly delayed the intracellular Ca(2+) signaling, impaired elevation of FE, and increased occurrences of polyspermic fertilization.Conclusions/significanceOur results suggest that PIP2 plays comprehensive roles in shaping Ca(2+) waves and guiding structural and functional changes required for successful fertilization. We propose that the PIP2 increase and the subsequent formation of actin spikes not only provide the mechanical supports for the elevating FE, but also accommodate increased membrane surfaces during cortical granule exocytosis.

Dataset Information

Initiation of DNA replication after fertilization is regulated by p90Rsk at pre-RC/pre-IC transition in starfish eggs.

Publications

Initiation of DNA replication after fertilization is regulated by p90Rsk at pre-RC/pre-IC transition in starfish eggs.

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