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Explaining variability in sodium intake through oral sensory phenotype, salt sensation and liking.

ABSTRACT: Our sodium-rich food supply compels investigation of how variation in salt sensation influences liking and intake of high-sodium foods. While supertasters (those with heightened propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness or taste papillae number) report greater saltiness from concentrated salt solutions, the non-taster/supertaster effect on sodium intake is unclear. We assessed taster effects on salt sensation, liking and intake among 87 healthy adults (45 men). PROP bitterness showed stronger associations with perceived saltiness in foods than did papillae number. Supertasters reported: greater saltiness in chips/pretzels and broth at levels comparable to regular-sodium products; greater sensory and/or liking changes to growing sodium concentration in cheeses (where sodium ions mask bitterness) and broths; and less frequently salting foods. PROP effects were attenuated in women. Compared with men, women reported more saltiness from high-sodium foods and greater liking for broth at salt levels comparable to regular-sodium products. Across men and women, Structural Equation Models showed PROP and papillae number independently explained variability in consuming high-sodium foods by impacting salt sensation and/or liking. PROP supertasters reported greater changes in sensation when more salt was added to broth, which then associated with greater changes in broth liking, and finally with more frequent high-sodium food intake. Greater papillae number was associated with less frequent high-sodium food intake via reduced liking for high-fat/high-sodium foods. In summary, variation in sensations from salt was associated with differences in hedonic responses to high-sodium foods and thus sodium intake. Despite adding less salt, PROP supertasters consumed more sodium through food, as salt was more important to preference, both for its salty taste and masking of bitterness.

SUBMITTER: Hayes JE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2874635 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Explaining variability in sodium intake through oral sensory phenotype, salt sensation and liking.

Hayes John E JE Sullivan Bridget S BS Duffy Valerie B VB

Physiology & behavior 20100407 4

Our sodium-rich food supply compels investigation of how variation in salt sensation influences liking and intake of high-sodium foods. While supertasters (those with heightened propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness or taste papillae number) report greater saltiness from concentrated salt solutions, the non-taster/supertaster effect on sodium intake is unclear. We assessed taster effects on salt sensation, liking and intake among 87 healthy adults (45 men). PROP bitterness showed stronger associati ...[more]

PMID: 20380843

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Project description:IntroductionDiscretionary salt (added in cooking at home or at the table) is a source of sodium and iodine in New Zealand. The amount of discretionary salt consumed in a population has implications on policies regarding sodium and iodine. Sodium intake from discretionary salt intake has not been quantified in New Zealand. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of total sodium that comes from discretionary salt in adults using the lithium-tagged salt method.MethodsA total of 116 healthy adults, who were not pregnant or breastfeeding, regularly consume home-cooked meals and use salt during cooking or at the table, aged 18-40 years from Dunedin, New Zealand were recruited into the study. The study took place over a 9-day period. On Day 1, participants were asked to collect a baseline 24-h urine to establish their normal lithium output. From Day 2 to Day 8, normal discretionary salt was replaced with lithium-tagged salt. Between Day 6 and Day 8, participants collected another two 24-h urine samples. A 24-h dietary recall was conducted to coincide with each of the final two 24-h urine collections. Urinary sodium was analysed by Ion-Selective Electrode and urinary lithium and urinary iodine were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The 24-h dietary recall data was entered into Xyris FoodWorks 10. All statistical analysis were conducted using Stata 17.0.ResultsA total of 109 participants with complete 24-h urine samples were included in the analysis. From the 24-h urine collections, the median urinary excretion of sodium and iodine was 3,222 mg/24 h (25th, 75th percentile: 2516, 3969) and 112 μg/24 h (82, 134). The median estimated sodium intake from discretionary salt was 13% (25th, 75th percentile: 7, 22) of the total sodium intake or 366 mg/24 h (25th, 75th percentile: 186, 705).ConclusionThe total sodium intake was higher than the suggested dietary target of 2,000 mg/day. In this sample of healthy adults 18 to 40 years old, 13% of total sodium intake derived from discretionary salt. Discretionary salt is an additional source of iodine if iodised salt is used. Policies to reduce sodium intake is recommended to include a range of strategies to target discretionary and non-discretionary sources of salt and will need to take into account the contribution of iodine from discretionary salt intake.

Project description:Salivary flow and composition have an impact on flavor perception. However, very few studies have explored the relationship between saliva, individual liking and usual dietary intake. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of salivary flow and composition with both a liking for fat, saltiness and sweetness and the usual nutrient intake in an adult French population. Liking for fat, saltiness, and sweetness were inferred from liking scores obtained during hedonic tests on 32 food products among 282 French adults participating in the Nutrinet-Santé Study. Before assessing liking, resting saliva was collected. Standard biochemical analyses were performed to assess specific component concentrations and enzymatic activities. Dietary data were collected using three web-based 24 h records. Relationships between salivary flow and composition, sensory liking and nutrient intake were assessed using linear regression. Total antioxidant capacity was positively associated with simple carbohydrate intake (β = 31.3, 95% CI = 1.58; 60.99) and inversely related to complex carbohydrate consumption (β = -52.4, 95% CI = -87.51; -19.71). Amylolysis was positively associated with both total (β = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.01; 0.38) and simple carbohydrate intake (β = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.01; 0.39). Salivary flow was positively associated with liking for fat (β = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.03; 0.25). Proteolysis was positively associated with liking for saltiness and for fat (β = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.02; 0.59; β = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.01; 0.56, respectively). Amylolysis was inversely associated with liking for sweetness (β = -10.13, 95% CI = -19.51; -0.75). Carbonic anhydrase 6 was inversely associated with liking for saltiness (β = -46.77, 95% CI = -86.24; -7.30). Saliva does not substantially vary according to a usual diet, except for carbohydrate intake, whereas the specific association between salivary flow/composition and sensory liking suggests the influence of saliva characteristics in food acceptance.

Project description:BackgroundDietary sodium reduction is recommended to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. In Vietnam food products including salt, fish sauce and bot canh contribute to ~ 70% of dietary sodium intake. Reduced sodium versions of these products can be produced by replacing some of the sodium chloride with potassium chloride. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of three alternative approaches to introducing reduced sodium products onto the market with a view to lowering population sodium intake in Vietnam.MethodsThe three salt substitution strategies included voluntary, subsidised and regulatory approaches targeting salt, fish sauce and bot canh products. Costs were modelled using the WHO-CHOICE methodology. A Markov cohort model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of each strategy versus no intervention from the government perspective. The model linked each intervention strategy to assumed changes in levels of sodium intake and then to systolic blood pressure. Changes in SBP were linked to a probability of ischaemic heart disease or stroke. The model followed people over their lifetime to assess average costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained for each strategy.ResultsThe voluntary salt substitution strategy was assumed to require no investment by government. Following ramp up (years 6+), the average annual costs for the subsidised and regulatory strategies were 21,808,968,902 ₫ (US$ 977,354) and 12,949,953,247 ₫ (US$ 580,410) respectively. Relative to no intervention, all three salt substitution strategies were found to be cost-effective. Cost savings were driven by reductions in strokes (32,595; 768,384; 2,366,480) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) events (22,830; 537,157; 1,648,590) for the voluntary, subsidised & regulatory strategies, respectively. The voluntary strategy was least cost-effective (- 3445 ₫ US$ -0.15; 0.009 QALYs gained) followed by the subsidised strategy (- 43,189 ₫ US$ -1.86; 0.022 QALYs gained) and the regulatory strategy delivered the highest cost savings and health gains (- 243,530 ₫ US$ -10.49; 0.074 QALYs gained).ConclusionThis research shows that all three modelled salt substitution strategies would be good value for money relative to no intervention in Vietnam. The subsidised alternative would require the highest level of government investment; however the implementation costs will be exceeded by healthcare savings assuming a reasonable time horizon is considered.

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Explaining variability in sodium intake through oral sensory phenotype, salt sensation and liking.

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Explaining variability in sodium intake through oral sensory phenotype, salt sensation and liking.

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