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NMR second site screening for structure determination of ligands bound in the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 gp41.

ABSTRACT: The development of nonpeptide fusion inhibitors through rational drug design has been hampered by the limited accessibility of the gp41 coiled coil target, which is highly hydrophobic, and the absence of structural data defining details of small molecule interactions. Here we describe a new approach for obtaining structural information on small molecules bound in the hydrophobic pocket of gp41, using a paramagnetic probe peptide which binds adjacent to the pocket along an extended coiled coil. Ligand binding in the pocket leads to paramagnetic relaxation effects or pseudocontact shifts of ligand protons. These effects are distance and/or orientation dependent, permitting determination of ligand pose in the pocket. The method is demonstrated with a fast-exchanging ligand. Multiple measurements at different coiled coil and probe peptide ratios enabled accurate determination of the NMR parameters. Use of a labeled probe peptide stabilizes an otherwise aggregation-prone coiled coil and also enables modulation of the paramagnetic effect to study ligands of various affinities. Ultimately, this technique can provide essential information for structure-based design of nonpeptide fusion inhibitors.

SUBMITTER: Balogh E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2880620 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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NMR second site screening for structure determination of ligands bound in the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 gp41.

Balogh Edina E Wu Dong D Zhou Guangyan G Gochin Miriam M

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20090301 8

The development of nonpeptide fusion inhibitors through rational drug design has been hampered by the limited accessibility of the gp41 coiled coil target, which is highly hydrophobic, and the absence of structural data defining details of small molecule interactions. Here we describe a new approach for obtaining structural information on small molecules bound in the hydrophobic pocket of gp41, using a paramagnetic probe peptide which binds adjacent to the pocket along an extended coiled coil. L ...[more]

PMID: 19206471

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Project description:UnlabelledThough the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is an important participant in many aspects of the viral life cycle, its best-characterized activity is self-assembly into 240-monomer capsids. Small molecules that target core protein (core protein allosteric modulators [CpAMs]) represent a promising antiviral strategy. To better understand the structural basis of the CpAM mechanism, we determined the crystal structure of the HBV capsid in complex with HAP18. HAP18 accelerates assembly, increases protein-protein association more than 100-fold, and induces assembly of nonicosahedral macrostructures. In a preformed capsid, HAP18 is found at quasiequivalent subunit-subunit interfaces. In a detailed comparison to the two other extant CpAM structures, we find that the HAP18-capsid structure presents a paradox. Whereas the two other structures expanded the capsid diameter by up to 10 Å, HAP18 caused only minor changes in quaternary structure and actually decreased the capsid diameter by ∼3 Å. These results indicate that CpAMs do not have a single allosteric effect on capsid structure. We suggest that HBV capsids present an ensemble of states that can be trapped by CpAMs, indicating a more complex basis for antiviral drug design.ImportanceHepatitis B virus core protein has multiple roles in the viral life cycle-assembly, compartment for reverse transcription, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear functions-making it an attractive antiviral target. Core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) are an experimental class of antivirals that bind core protein. The most recognized CpAM activity is that they accelerate core protein assembly and strengthen interactions between subunits. In this study, we observe that the CpAM-binding pocket has multiple conformations. We compare structures of capsids cocrystallized with different CpAMs and find that they also affect quaternary structure in different ways. These results suggest that the capsid "breathes" and is trapped in different states by the drug and crystallization. Understanding that the capsid is a moving target will aid drug design and improve our understanding of HBV interaction with its environment.

Dataset Information

NMR second site screening for structure determination of ligands bound in the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 gp41.

Publications

NMR second site screening for structure determination of ligands bound in the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 gp41.

Similar Datasets

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