Fine-mapping of qRL6.1, a major QTL for root length of rice seedlings grown under a wide range of NH4(+) concentrations in hydroponic conditions.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Obara M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2903690 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundPhosphorus (P) is an important in ensuring plant morphogenesis and grain quality, therefore an efficient root system is crucial for P-uptake. Identification of useful loci for root morphological and P uptake related traits at seedling stage is important for wheat breeding. The aims of this study were to evaluate phenotypic diversity of Yangmai 16/Zhongmai 895 derived doubled haploid (DH) population for root system architecture (RSA) and biomass related traits (BRT) in different P treatments at seedling stage using hydroponic culture, and to identify QTL using 660 K SNP array based high-density genetic map.ResultsAll traits showed significant variations among the DH lines with high heritabilities (0.76 to 0.91) and high correlations (r = 0.59 to 0.98) among all traits. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) identified 34 QTL with 4.64-20.41% of the phenotypic variances individually, and the log of odds (LOD) values ranging from 2.59 to 10.43. Seven QTL clusters (C1 to C7) were mapped on chromosomes 3DL, 4BS, 4DS, 6BL, 7AS, 7AL and 7BL, cluster C5 on chromosome 7AS (AX-109955164 - AX-109445593) with pleiotropic effect played key role in modulating root length (RL), root tips number (RTN) and root surface area (ROSA) under low P condition, with the favorable allele from Zhongmai 895.ConclusionsThis study carried out an imaging pipeline-based rapid phenotyping of RSA and BRT traits in hydroponic culture. It is an efficient approach for screening of large populations under different nutrient conditions. Four QTL on chromosomes 6BL (2) and 7AL (2) identified in low P treatment showed positive additive effects contributed by Zhongmai 895, indicating that Zhongmai 895 could be used as parent for P-deficient breeding. The most stable QTL QRRS.caas-4DS for ratio of root to shoot dry weight (RRS) harbored the stable genetic region with high phenotypic effect, and QTL clusters on 7A might be used for speedy selection of genotypes for P-uptake. SNPs closely linked to QTLs and clusters could be used to improve nutrient-use efficiency.
| S-EPMC7953759 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Phosphate (Pi), an essential macronutrient for growth and development of plant, is often limiting in soils. Plants have evolved an array of adaptive strategies including modulation of root system architecture (RSA) for optimal acquisition of Pi. In rice, a major staple food, RSA is complex and comprises embryonically developed primary and seminal roots and post-embryonically developed adventitious and lateral roots. Earlier studies have used variant hydroponic systems for documenting the effects of Pi deficiency largely on primary root growth. Here, we report the temporal effects of Pi deficiency in rice genotype MI48 on 15 ontogenetically distinct root traits by using easy-to-assemble and economically viable modified hydroponic system. Effects of Pi deprivation became evident after 4 days- and 7 days-treatments on two and eight different root traits, respectively. The effects of Pi deprivation for 7 days were also evident on different root traits of rice genotype Nagina 22 (N22). There were genotypic differences in the responses of primary root growth along with lateral roots on it and the number and length of seminal and adventitious roots. Notably though, there were attenuating effects of Pi deficiency on the lateral roots on seminal and adventitious roots and total root length in both these genotypes. The study thus revealed both differential and comparable effects of Pi deficiency on different root traits in these genotypes. Pi deficiency also triggered reduction in Pi content and induction of several Pi starvation-responsive (PSR) genes in roots of MI48. Together, the analyses validated the fidelity of this modified hydroponic system for documenting Pi deficiency-mediated effects not only on different traits of RSA but also on physiological and molecular responses.
| S-EPMC4855036 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsRoot diameter, especially apical diameter, plays an important role in root development and function. The variation in diameter between roots, and along roots, affects root structure and thus the root system's overall foraging performance. However, the effect of diameter variation on root elongation, branching and topological connections has not been examined systematically in a population of high-order roots, nor along the roots, especially for mature plants grown in the field.MethodsA method combining both excavation and analysis was applied to extract and quantify root architectural traits of adult, field-grown maize plants. The relationships between root diameter and other root architectural characteristics are analysed for two maize cultivars.Key resultsThe basal diameter of the lateral roots (orders 1-3) was highly variable. Basal diameter was partly determined by the diameter of the bearing segment. Basal diameter defined a potential root length, but the lengths of most roots fell far short of this. This was explained partly by differences in the pattern of diameter change along roots. Diameter tended to decrease along most roots, with the steepness of the gradient of decrease depending on basal diameter. The longest roots were those that maintained (or sometimes increased) their diameters during elongation. The branching density (cm(-1)) of laterals was also determined by the diameter of the bearing segment. However, the location of this bearing segment along the mother root was also involved - intermediate positions were associated with higher densities of laterals.ConclusionsThe method used here allows us to obtain very detailed records of the geometry and topology of a complex root system. Basal diameter and the pattern of diameter change along a root were associated with its final length. These relationships are especially useful in simulations of root elongation and branching in source-sink models.
| S-EPMC4765541 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genetic control of grain yield and phenology was examined in the Excalibur/Kukri doubled haploid mapping population grown in 32 field experiments across the climatic zones of southern Australia, India and north-western Mexico where the wheat crop experiences drought and heat stress. A total of 128 QTL were identified for four traits: grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), days to heading and grain filling duration. These QTL included 24 QTL for yield and 27 for TGW, showing significant interactions with the environment (Q * E). We also identified 14 QTL with a significant, small main effects on yield across environments. The study focussed on a region of chromosome 1B where two main effect QTL were found for yield and TGW without the confounding effect of phenology. Excalibur was the source of favourable alleles: QYld.aww-1B.2 with a peak at 149.5-150.1 cM and QTgw.aww-1B at 168.5-171.4 cM. We developed near isogenic lines (NIL) for the interval including QYld.aww-1B.2 and QTgw.aww-1B and evaluated them under semi-controlled conditions. Significant differences in four pairs of NIL were observed for grain yield but not for TGW, confirming a positive effect of the Excalibur allele for QYld.aww-1B.2. The interval containing QYld.aww-1B.2 was narrowed down to 2.9 cM which corresponded to a 2.2 Mbp genomic region on the chromosome 1B genomic reference sequence of cv. Chinese Spring and contained 39 predicted genes.
| S-EPMC7990757 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in the laboratory using the traditional plant-growing culture system (TPG) were covered to maintain them in darkness. This new method is based on a dark chamber and is named the improved plant-growing method (IPG). We measured the light conditions in dark chambers, and found that the highest light intensity was dramatically reduced deeper in the dark chamber. In the bottom and side parts of dark chambers, roots were almost completely shaded. Using the high-throughput RNA sequencing method on the whole RNA extraction from roots, we compared the global gene expression levels in roots of seedlings from these two conditions and identified 141 differently expressed genes (DEGs) between them. According to the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were most affected among all annotated pathways. Surprisingly, no genes of known plant photoreceptors were identified as DEGs by this method. Considering that the light intensity was decreased in the IPG system, we collected four sections (1.5 cm for each) of Arabidopsis roots grown in TPG and IPG conditions, and the spatial-related differential gene expression levels of plant photoreceptors and polar auxin transporters, including CRY1, CRY2, PHYA, PHYB, PHOT1, PHOT2, and UVR8 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Using these results, we generated a map of the spatial-related expression patterns of these genes under IPG and TPG conditions. The expression levels of light-related genes in roots is highly sensitive to illumination and it provides a background reference for selecting an improved culture method for laboratory-maintained Arabidopsis seedlings.
| S-EPMC5454864 | biostudies-other
Project description:Salinity is a major abiotic stress which inhibits rice production in coastal, arid and semi-aid areas in many countries, such as India and Bangladesh. Identification of salt tolerant cultivars, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes is essential for breeding salt tolerant rice. The aus subpopulation of rice is considered to have originated predominantly from Bangladesh and India and have rich genetic diversity with wide variation in abiotic stress resistance. The objective of this study was to identify QTLs, and subsequently candidate genes using cultivars from the aus subpopulation and compare the results of two different seedling stage screening methods. Salt tolerance at the rice seedling stage was evaluated on 204 rice accessions from the Bengal and Assam Aus Panel (BAAP) grown in both hydroponics and soil under control and salt stress conditions. Ten salt related traits of stress symptoms, plant growth and the content of sodium and potassium were measured. Three cultivars, BRRI dhan 47, Goria, and T 1 showed more salt tolerance than the tolerant check Pokkali in both systems. Genome-wide association mapping was conducted on salt indices traits with 2 million SNPs using an efficient mixed model (EMMA) controlling population structure and kinship, and a significance threshold of P < 0.0001 was used to determine significant SNPs. A total of 97 and 74 QTLs associated with traits in hydroponic and soil systems were identified, respectively, including 11 QTLs identified in both systems. A total of 65 candidate genes were found including a well-known major gene OsHKT1;5. The most significant QTL was detected at around 40 Mb on chromosome 1 coinciding with two post-translational modifications SUMOylation genes (OsSUMO1 and OsSUMO2), this QTL was investigated. The salt tolerance rice cultivars and QTLs/genes identified here will provide useful information for future studies on genetics and breeding salt tolerant rice.
| S-EPMC7644878 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Grain length is a prominent determinant for the grain weight and appearance quality of rice. To elucidate the genetic basis of the control of grain length, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to determine a genomic interval responsible for the a long-grain phenotype observed in a japonica cultivar HD385 by using an F2:3 population and recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, which is are derived from a cross between the long-grain japonica cultivar HD385 and short-grain japonica cultivar Nipponbare (NIP). This led to the identification of a novel QTL, which is located on chromosome 3, for grain length, named qIGL1 (for Increased Grain Length 1); the HD385-derived allele showed enhancement effects on grain length, and such an allele as well as NIP-derived allele are were thus designated qigl1 HD385 and qIGL1NIP, respectively. Genetic analysis revealed that qigl1HD385 displayed semi-dominant effects on grain length. To further narrow down the qIGL1 region, we developed a few advanced backcross populations to determine the precise location of qIGL1. Eventually, qIGL1 was delimited to a 70.8-kb region containing 9 open reading frames (ORFs). A comprehensive analysis indicated that ORF6 and ORF9, separately corresponding to LOC_Os03g30530 and LOC_Os03g30550, are were found to carry base substitutions and/or deletions, which resulted in changes or losses of amino acid residues. However, these alterations in coding sequences does did not significantly change the expression levels of both ORFs. To further elucidate the mechanisms behind the increases of grain length conferred by qigl1HD385, we generated a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs), termed NIL-qigl1HD385 and NIL-qIGL1NIP, and discovered that introduction of qigl1HD385 into the NIP background significantly lead resulted into the elevations of grain length and 1000-grain weight. Closer inspection of outer epidermal cells of grain surfaces of both lines revealed that the cell length and width in the longitudinal direction are were significantly longer in NIL-qigl1HD385 compared with in NIL-qIGL1NIP, which may might stem partly from the downregulation of several cell cycle-related genes. Hence, our study studies identify identified a new semi-dominant natural allele contributing to the increase of grain length, and further shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of grain length.
2023-08-22 | GSE241093 | GEO
Project description:The increase of waterlogged environments at forests and urban greenery is of recent concern with the progress of climate change. Under waterlogging, plant roots are exposed to hypoxic conditions, which strongly affect root growth and function. However, its impact is dependent on various factors, such as waterlogging depth. Therefore, our objective is to elucidate effects of different waterlogging depths on Pinus thunbergii Parl., which is widely used for afforestation, especially at coastal forests. We conducted an experiment to examine growth and morphology of fine roots and transpiration using 2-year-old seedlings under three treatments, (1) control (no waterlogging), (2) partial waterlogging (partial-WL, waterlogging depth = 15 cm from the bottom), and (3) full waterlogging (full-WL, waterlogging depth = from the bottom to the soil surface, 26 cm). As a result, fine root growth and transpiration were both significantly decreased at full-WL. However, for partial-WL, fine root growth was significantly increased compared to control and full-WL at the top soil, where it was not waterlogged. Additionally, transpiration which had decreased after 4 weeks of waterlogging showed no significant difference compared to control after 8 weeks of waterlogging. This recovery is to be attributed to the increase in fine root growth at non-waterlogged top soil, which compensated for the damaged roots at the waterlogged bottom soil. In conclusion, this study suggests that P. thunbergii is sensitive to waterlogging; however, it can adapt to waterlogging by plastically changing the distribution of fine root growth.
| S-EPMC7988193 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Awn length was mapped using a multiparent population derived from cv. Morex and four wild accessions. One QTL was fine mapped and candidate genes were identified in NILs by RNA-seq. Barley awns are photosynthetically active and contribute to grain yield. Awn length is variable among both wild and cultivated barley genotypes and many mutants with alterations in awn length have been identified. Here, we used a multiparent mapping population derived from cv. Morex and four genetically diverse wild barley lines to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for awn length. Twelve QTLs, distributed over the barley genome, were identified with the most significant one located on chromosome arm 7HL (QTL AL7.1). The effect of AL7.1 was confirmed using near isogenic lines (NILs) and fine-mapped in two independent heterogeneous inbred families to a < 0.9 cM interval. With exception of a small effect on grain width, no other traits such as plant height or flowering time were affected by AL7.1. Variant calling on transcripts obtained from RNA sequencing reads in NILs was used to narrow down the list of candidate genes located in the interval. This data may be used for further characterization and unravelling of the mechanisms underlying natural variation in awn length.
| S-EPMC5263209 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Root analysis is essential for both academic and agricultural research. Despite the great advances in root phenotyping and imaging, calculating root length is still performed manually and involves considerable amounts of labor and time. To overcome these limitations, we developed MyROOT, a software for the semiautomatic quantification of root growth of seedlings growing directly on agar plates. Our method automatically determines the scale from the image of the plate, and subsequently measures the root length of the individual plants. To this aim, MyROOT combines a bottom-up root tracking approach with a hypocotyl detection algorithm. At the same time as providing accurate root measurements, MyROOT also significantly minimizes the user intervention required during the process. Using Arabidopsis, we tested MyROOT with seedlings from different growth stages and experimental conditions. When comparing the data obtained from this software with that of manual root measurements, we found a high correlation between both methods (R2 = 0.997). When compared with previous developed software with similar features (BRAT and EZ-Rhizo), MyROOT offered an improved accuracy for root length measurements. Therefore, MyROOT will be of great use to the plant science community by permitting high-throughput root length measurements while saving both labor and time.
| S-EPMC6618301 | biostudies-literature