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Triterpenoids CDDO-ethyl amide and CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide improve the behavioral phenotype and brain pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

ABSTRACT: Oxidative stress is a prominent feature of Huntington's disease (HD) due to mitochondrial dysfunction and the ensuing overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This phenomenon ultimately contributes to cognitive and motor impairment, as well as brain pathology, especially in the striatum. Targeting the transcription of the endogenous antioxidant machinery could be a promising therapeutic approach. The NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is an important pathway involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. Synthetic triterpenoids, which are derived from 2-Cyano-3,12-Dioxooleana-1,9-Dien-28-Oic acid (CDDO) activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway and reduce oxidative stress in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the effects of CDDO-ethyl amide (CDDO-EA) and CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide (CDDO-TFEA) in N171-82Q mice, a transgenic mouse model of HD. CDDO-EA or CDDO-TFEA were administered in the diet at various concentrations, starting at 30days of age. CDDO-EA and CDDO-TFEA upregulated Nrf2/ARE induced genes in the brain and peripheral tissues, reduced oxidative stress, improved motor impairment and increased longevity. They also rescued striatal atrophy in the brain and vacuolation in the brown adipose tissue. Therefore compounds targeting the Nrf2/ARE pathway show great promise for the treatment of HD.

SUBMITTER: Stack C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2916021 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Triterpenoids CDDO-ethyl amide and CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide improve the behavioral phenotype and brain pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Stack Cliona C Ho Daniel D Wille Elizabeth E Calingasan Noel Y NY Williams Charlotte C Liby Karen K Sporn Michael M Dumont Magali M Beal M Flint MF

Free radical biology & medicine 20100323 2

Oxidative stress is a prominent feature of Huntington's disease (HD) due to mitochondrial dysfunction and the ensuing overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This phenomenon ultimately contributes to cognitive and motor impairment, as well as brain pathology, especially in the striatum. Targeting the transcription of the endogenous antioxidant machinery could be a promising therapeutic approach. The NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is an ...[more]

PMID: 20338236

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Amyloid ? (A?)-directed immunotherapy has shown promising results in preclinical and early clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials, but successful translation to late clinics has failed so far. Compelling evidence suggests that post-translationally modified A? peptides might play a decisive role in onset and progression of AD and first clinical trials targeting such A? variants have been initiated. Modified A? represents a small fraction of deposited material in plaques compared to pan-A? epitopes, opening up pathways for tailored approaches of immunotherapy. Here, we generated the first monoclonal antibodies that recognize L-isoaspartate-modified A? (isoD7-A?) and tested a lead antibody molecule in 5xFAD mice. METHODS:This work comprises a combination of chemical and biochemical techniques as well as behavioral analyses. A? peptides, containing L-isoaspartate at position 7, were chemically synthesized and used for immunization of mice and antibody screening methods. Biochemical methods included anti-isoD7-A? monoclonal antibody characterization by surface plasmon resonance, immunohistochemical staining of human and transgenic mouse brain, and the development and application of isoD7-A? ELISA as well as different non-modified A? ELISA. For antibody treatment studies, 12?mg/kg anti-isoD7-A? antibody K11_IgG2a was applied intraperitoneally to 5xFAD mice for 38?weeks. Treatment controls implemented were IgG2a isotype as negative and 3D6_IgG2a, the parent molecule of bapineuzumab, as positive control antibodies. Behavioral studies included elevated plus maze, pole test, and Morris water maze. RESULTS:Our advanced antibody K11 showed a KD in the low nM range and?>?400fold selectivity for isoD7-A? compared to other A? variants. By using this antibody, we demonstrated that formation of isoD7-A? may occur after formation of aggregates; hence, the presence of the isoD7-modification differentiates aged A? from newly formed peptides. Importantly, we also show that the Tottori mutation responsible for early-onset AD in a Japanese pedigree is characterized by massively accelerated formation of isoD7-A? in cell culture. The presence of isoD7-A? was verified by K11 in post mortem human cortex and 5xFAD mouse brain tissue. Passive immunization of 5xFAD mice resulted in a significant reduction of isoD7-A? and total A? in brain. Amelioration of cognitive impairment was demonstrated by Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, pole, and contextual fear conditioning tests. Interestingly, despite the lower abundance of the isoD7-A? epitope, the application of anti-isoD7-A? antibodies showed comparable treatment efficacy in terms of reduction of brain amyloid and spatial learning but did not result in an increase of plasma A? concentration as observed with 3D6 treatment. CONCLUSIONS:The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that the antibody-mediated targeting of isoD7-modified A? peptides leads to attenuation of AD-like amyloid pathology. In conjunction with previously published data on antibodies directed against pGlu-modified A?, the results highlight the crucial role of modified A? peptides in AD pathophysiology. Hence, the results also underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting modified amyloid species for defining tailored approaches in AD therapy.

Project description:Lung cancer accounts for the highest number of cancer-related deaths in the USA, highlighting the need for better prevention and therapy. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway detoxifies harmful insults and reduces oxidative stress, thus preventing carcinogenesis in various preclinical models. However, constitutive activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been detected in numerous cancers, which confers a survival advantage to tumor cells and a poor prognosis. In our study, we compared the effects of two clinically relevant classes of Nrf2 activators, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and the synthetic oleanane triterpenoids, CDDO-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) and CDDO-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells, in VC1 lung cancer cells and in the A/J model of lung cancer. Although the triterpenoids and DMF both activated the Nrf2 pathway, CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me were markedly more potent than DMF. All of these drugs reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and inhibited nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells, but the triterpenoids were 100 times more potent than DMF in these assays. Microarray analysis revealed that only 52 of 99 Nrf2-target genes were induced by all three compounds, and each drug regulated a unique subset of Nrf2 genes. These drugs also altered the expression of other genes important in lung cancer independent of Nrf2. Although all three compounds enhanced the phosphorylation of CREB, only DMF increased the phosphorylation of Akt. CDDO-Me, at either 12.5 or 50mg/kg of diet, was the most effective drug in our lung cancer mouse model. Specifically, CDDO-Me significantly reduced the average tumor number, size and burden compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, 52% of the tumors in the control group were high-grade tumors compared with only 14% in the CDDO-Me group. Though less potent, CDDO-Im had similar activity as CDDO-Me. In contrast, 61-63% of the tumors in the DMF groups (400-1200mg/kg diet) were high-grade tumors compared with 52% for the controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, DMF significantly increased the average number of tumors compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Thus, in contrast to the triterpenoids, which effectively reduced pathogenesis in A/J mice, DMF enhanced the severity of lung carcinogenesis in these mice. Collectively, these results suggest that although CDDO-Im, CDDO-Me and DMF all activate the Nrf2 pathway, they target distinct genes and signaling pathways, resulting in opposite effects for the prevention of experimental lung cancer.

Dataset Information

Triterpenoids CDDO-ethyl amide and CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide improve the behavioral phenotype and brain pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Publications

Triterpenoids CDDO-ethyl amide and CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide improve the behavioral phenotype and brain pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

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