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Characterization of immune responses to capsid protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and implications for detection.

ABSTRACT: To further refine our current nanoparticle-based HIV-1 p24 antigen assay, we investigated immune responses to p24 to identify diagnostically significant immune dominant epitopes (IDEs) in HIV-infected human sera, to address cross-reactivity of anti-p24 antibodies to different subtypes, and to identify new biomarkers that distinguish acute from chronic HIV infection for more accurate incidence estimation. We identified two major linear epitope regions, located in the CypA binding loop and adjacent helices and at the end of the C-terminal domain. Most sera (86%) from acutely HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with multiple peptides, while 60% and 30% of AIDS patient samples reacted with multiple and single peptides, respectively. In contrast, 46% and 43% of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with one and none of the peptides, respectively, and only 11% reacted with multiple p24 peptides, indicating a progression of immune responses from polyclone-like during acute infection to monoclone-like or a nonresponse to linear epitopes during chronic infection. Anti-p24 antibodies (subtype B) show broad cross-reactivity to different HIV-1 subtypes, and the synergistic action of different combinations of anti-HIV antibodies improves capture and detection of divergent HIV-1 subtypes. Our results indicate that the modified peptide immunoassay is sensitive and specific for the rapid identification of HIV-1 p24 IDEs and for investigation of immune responses to p24 during natural HIV-1 infection. The data provide the foundation for development and refinement of new assays for improved p24 antigen testing as future tools for rapid and accurate diagnosis as part of early intervention strategies and estimations of incidence.

SUBMITTER: Tang S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2916249 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Characterization of immune responses to capsid protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and implications for detection.

Tang Shixing S Zhao Jiangqin J Wang Aifeng A Viswanath Ragupathy R Harma Harri H Little Richard F RF Yarchoan Robert R Stramer Susan L SL Nyambi Phillipe N PN Lee Sherwin S Wood Owen O Wong Eric Y EY Wang Xue X Hewlett Indira K IK

Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 20100609 8

To further refine our current nanoparticle-based HIV-1 p24 antigen assay, we investigated immune responses to p24 to identify diagnostically significant immune dominant epitopes (IDEs) in HIV-infected human sera, to address cross-reactivity of anti-p24 antibodies to different subtypes, and to identify new biomarkers that distinguish acute from chronic HIV infection for more accurate incidence estimation. We identified two major linear epitope regions, located in the CypA binding loop and adjacen ...[more]

PMID: 20534793

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Project description:Pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the result of the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytestroglodytes (SIVcpzPtt). The related subspecies Pan troglodytesschweinfurthii is the host of a similar virus, SIVcpzPts, which did not spread to humans. We tested these viruses with small-molecule capsid inhibitors (PF57, PF74, and GS-CA1) that interact with a binding groove in the capsid that is also used by CPSF6. While HIV-1 was sensitive to capsid inhibitors in cell lines, human macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), SIVcpzPtt was resistant in rhesus FRhL-2 cells and human PBMCs but was sensitive to PF74 in human HOS and HeLa cells. SIVcpzPts was insensitive to PF74 in FRhL-2 cells, HeLa cells, PBMCs, and macrophages but was inhibited by PF74 in HOS cells. A truncated version of CPSF6 (CPSF6-358) inhibited SIVcpzPtt and HIV-1, while in contrast, SIVcpzPts was resistant to CPSF6-358. Homology modeling of HIV-1, SIVcpzPtt, and SIVcpzPts capsids and binding energy estimates suggest that these three viruses bind similarly to the host proteins cyclophilin A (CYPA) and CPSF6 as well as the capsid inhibitor PF74. Cyclosporine treatment, mutation of the CYPA-binding loop in the capsid, or CYPA knockout eliminated the resistance of SIVcpzPts to PF74 in HeLa cells. These experiments revealed that the antiviral capacity of PF74 is controlled by CYPA in a virus- and cell type-specific manner. Our data indicate that SIVcpz viruses can use infection pathways that escape the antiviral activity of PF74. We further suggest that the antiviral activity of PF74 capsid inhibitors depends on cellular cofactors.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 originated from SIVcpzPtt but not from the related virus SIVcpzPts, and thus, it is important to describe molecular infection by SIVcpzPts in human cells to understand the zoonosis of SIVs. Pharmacological HIV-1 capsid inhibitors (e.g., PF74) bind a capsid groove that is also a binding site for the cellular protein CPSF6. SIVcpzPts was resistant to PF74 in HeLa cells but sensitive in HOS cells, thus indicating cell line-specific resistance. Both SIVcpz viruses showed resistance to PF74 in human PBMCs. Modulating the presence of cyclophilin A or its binding to capsid in HeLa cells overcame SIVcpzPts resistance to PF74. These results indicate that early cytoplasmic infection events of SIVcpzPts may differ between cell types and affect, in an unknown manner, the antiviral activity of capsid inhibitors. Thus, capsid inhibitors depend on the activity or interaction of currently uncharacterized cellular factors.

Dataset Information

Characterization of immune responses to capsid protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and implications for detection.

Publications

Characterization of immune responses to capsid protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and implications for detection.

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